Canfeda Hatun

Canfeda Hatun
Full name
Turkish: Saliha Canfeda Hatun
Ottoman Turkish: صالحہ جان فدا خاتون
Bornc. 1540-1545
Circassia
Diedc. 1600
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
(present day Istanbul, Turkey)
Issue
ReligionSunni Islam

Saliha Canfeda Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: صالحہ جان فدا خاتون; "the devoted one" and "soul"; died c. 1600) was a lady-in-waiting to Nurbanu Sultan and Sultan Murad III of the Ottoman Empire.

Birth

Canfeda Hatun's exact date of birth is not recorded in surviving Ottoman sources.[1][2] She was already serving as hazinedar usta (chief treasurer of the imperial harem) in the 1580s during the reign of Murad III,[1] a position generally attained after decades of service in the harem.[3] Based on typical entry ages (10–15 years) and the career progression of high-ranking harem officials, historians estimate her birth between 1540 and 1545.[4]

Career

Canfeda Hatun was an ally of Nurbanu Sultan. Nurbanu Sultan brought her from the Old Palace.[5] She was employed as a housekeeper for the concubines of the Imperial Harem and she was also known as (kedbanu-yi-harem and Kethüda Hatun and Kahya Kadin). And under Nurbanu she trained the concubines of the Imperial Harem. She was also an ally of Gazanfer Agha. Gazanfer Agha was the Agha of the Imperial Harem.[6] She was also an ally of Lala Mustafa Pasha. Lala Mustafa Pasha was a rival of the Grand Vizier, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.[7][8] On her deathbed in 1583, Nurbanu tried to keep Canfeda as the head of the Imperial Harem.[9] And so, after Nurbanu died, Canfeda took charge of the Imperial Harem.[6]

During the reign of Murad III, Canfeda, along with the financial concubine Raziye Hatun, the poet Hubbi Hatun, and other musahibs (beloveds) seem to have been very powerful and influential.[10][11] She was able to gain the trust of her opponents, and even had a great deal of influence in palace matters to protect them. The women of the dynasty were paid large bribes to establish close relationships with her. She amassed extraordinary wealth and as a result, she became part of the high administration and the enemy of the commandant of the Janissary corps. In 1593, the Janissaries revolted due to delayed payment of their salaries. The disgruntled soldiers demanded the beheading of the Grand Vizier, the Chief Defterder, and the Canfeder. Through great effort, Murad was able to pacify the rebels and save their lives.[12]

Charities

Canfeda used part of his wealth to establish his charitable foundation. She built a mosque and a fountain in Istanbul. In 1584, the mosque was built at an estimated cost of two million espers,[13] which also housed a primary school, a public drinking fountain and a water pump. In 1593, Canfeda also built another mosque and a public bathhouse in the village of Beykoz. She also received permission from Sultan Murad to repair and expand an aqueduct built by Sultan Bayezid II.[14] At the time of his retirement, Canfeda's stipend was 100 esper per day, but it was doubled as she wanted to work for the public. Her mosques were built after Nurbanu's death.[15]

Personal Life

Canfeda Hatun was of Circassian origin.[12] She had two brothers, Mahmud Pasha, who was Beylerbey of Haleb in 1594,[16] and Divan Ibrahim Pasha.[6][17] She always protected her brothers. They had come to Constantinople as slaves from the slave trade in Crimea.[18] When Canfeda lost her power, her two brothers died.[16]

Canfeda had a garden in Findikli.[11]

Last years and death

After Murad's death in 1595, Canfeda and all the rest of Murad's harem women were sent to the old palace.[12] The new sultan Mehmed III dismissed her from her position, after which she borrowed food from the Venetians to procure goods for the harem. She was not on the new sultan's side because he decided to protect Sultan Murad's second son, Prince Mustafa, but when Mehmed ascended the throne, Mustafa and his 18 brothers were killed.[19] She died in 1600.[20]

In the 2011-2014 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyil, Canfeda Hatun is portrayed by Turkish actress Kubra Kıp.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238.
  2. ↑ Selaniki Mustafa Efendi (1999). Mehmed İpşirli (ed.). Tarih-i Selaniki. Vol. 1. Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 180–183.
  3. ↑ Fleischer, Cornell H. (1992). The Lawgiver as Messiah: The Making of the Imperial Image in the Reign of Süleyman. Paris: La Documentation Française.
  4. ↑ Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–65.; Uluçay, M. Çağatay (2011). Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 45–47.. Estimation derived from typical harem entry and promotion ages and the fact that Canfeda held senior office in the 1580s.
  5. ↑ Peirce 1993, p. 131. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFPeirce1993 (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Fleischer 2014, p. 72.
  7. ↑ Fetvacı 2013, p. 103.
  8. ↑ Fleischer 2014, p. 73.
  9. ↑ Peirce 1993, p. 131-2. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFPeirce1993 (help)
  10. ↑ Pedani Fabris & Bombaci 2010, p. 26.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Petruccioli 1997, p. 50.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Inventory 2003, p. 217.
  13. ↑ Inventory 2003, p. 218.
  14. ↑ Peirce 1993, p. 316. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFPeirce1993 (help)
  15. ↑ Peirce 1993, p. 132. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFPeirce1993 (help)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Pedani 2000, p. 25.
  17. ↑ Tezcan 2010, p. 107.
  18. ↑ Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library / ed. Evg Radushev, Svetlana Ivanova, Rumen Kovachev. — Narodna biblioteka Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ, 2003. — P. 115—116, 217—218. — 350 p.
  19. ↑ Pedani 2000, p. 24.
  20. ↑ Gövsa 1945, p. 78.

Sources

  • Fetvacı, Emine (2013). Picturing History at the Ottoman Court. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3.
  • Fleischer, Cornell H. (2014). Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Ali (1541-1600). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-400-85421-9.
  • Gövsa, İbrahim Alâettin (1945). Türk meşhurları ansiklopedisi: edebiyatta, sanatta, ilimde, harpte, politika ürk meşhurları ansiklopedisi: edebiyatta, sanatta, ilimde, harpte, politikada ve her sahada şöhret kazanmış olan Türklerin hayatları eserleri. Yedigün.
  • Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ. Orientalski otdel, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art, and Culture (2003). Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library:Registers. Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Pedani, Maria Pia (2000). Tucica, Volume 32: Safiye's Household and Venetian Diplomacy.
  • Pedani Fabris, Maria Pia; Bombaci, Alessio (2010). Inventory of the Lettere E Scritture Turchesche in the Venetian State Archives. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-17918-9.
  • Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5.
  • Petruccioli, Attilio (1997). Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design. E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-10723-6.
  • Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51949-6.
  • Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne (2006). Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-754-63310-5.
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