German revolution of 1918–1919

The German Revolution (1918–1919) was a political and social uprising that led to the end of the German Empire and the beginning of the Weimar Republic.

Causes

The German Revolution had many causes. For example, by 1918, Germany was losing World War I. People were exhausted, hungry, and angry.

There was also an ongoing economic crisis. Food shortages, inflation, and unemployment created mass dissatisfaction.

Additionally, many Germans disliked their country's authoritarian rule. The Kaiser and military leaders held most of the power, with limited democracy.

Finally, the Russian Revolution (1917) inspired German workers and soldiers to demand similar socialist reforms.

Main events

In October 1918, German sailors mutinied at Kiel. They refused to fight a final, hopeless battle. This triggered widespread rebellion. By the next month, Soviet-style Workers' and Soldiers' Councils had formed across Germany, demanding change.

On 9 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated, giving up the position of King. He fled to the Netherlands. This officially ended the monarchy.

The following day, Friedrich Ebert became Chancellor. Ebert was a leader of the Social Democratic Party who had tried to stabilize Germany.

On 11 November 1918, an armistice was signed. This officially ended World War I for Germany.

However, this did not end the uprisings. In 1919, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht led a communist uprising called the Spartacist Uprising. (It failed.)

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