History of Mongolia


Many empires have ruled modern Mongolia. Many of them were nomadic empires. TheXiongnu (3rd century BC–1st century AD), the Xianbei state (c. AD 93–234), the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) are some of the empires in Mongolia. The Khitan people,[1] made the Liao dynasty (916–1125). They ruled in Mongolia and parts of North China, northern Korea, and the present-day Russian Far East.

In 1206, Genghis Khan was able to unite the Mongol tribes. He turned the tribes into a powerful fighting force. Genghis Khan turned this area into the biggest contiguous (not interrupted by water) empire in history. This was the Mongol Empire (1206–1368). After the Mongol Empire fell, Mongolia was ruled by the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). This dynasty was based in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing). The Yuan emperors started Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia.

After the Yuan dynasty collapsed in 1368, the Yuan court went to the Mongolian Plateau. This started the Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635). At this time, Mongolians returned to their shamanist traditions. Buddhism reappeared in Mongolia in the 16th and 17th centuries.

At the end of the 17th century, Mongolia became part of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. In the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, Mongolia became independent from Qing. They were not fully independent until 1921. In 1945, they were given international recognition.[2] In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was formed. Mongolian politics began to be influenced by Soviet politics of the time. After the Revolutions of 1989, the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 led to a multi-party system and a new constitution in 1992. Mongolia eventually started to use a market economy.

References

  1. ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2014). Mongolian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4. ISBN 9789027238252.
  2. ↑ Chan, Steve (2016). China's Troubled Waters: Maritime Disputes in Theoretical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9781107130562.

Further reading

  • Batbayar, Bat-Erdene. Twentieth Century Mongolia (Global Oriental, 2000).
  • Batbayar, Tsedendambyn, and Sharad Kumar Soni. Modern Mongolia: A concise history (Pentagon Press, 2007).
  • Bawden, Charles. "Mongolia: Ancient and Modern" History Today (Feb 1959) 9#2 p103-112.
  • Bold, Bat-Ochir. Mongolian Nomadic Society: a reconstruction of the 'medieval' history of Mongolia (Routledge, 2013).
  • Buyandelgeriyn, Manduhai. "Dealing with uncertainty: shamans, marginal capitalism, and the remaking of history in postsocialist Mongolia." American Ethnologist 34#1 (2007): 127–147. online
  • Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (1998) excerpt
  • Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260-2000 (John Wiley & Sons, 2018). excerpt
  • Kaplonski, Christopher. Truth, history and politics in Mongolia: Memory of heroes (Routledge, 2004).
  • Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810874520
  • Volkov, Vitaliĭ Vasil’evich. "Early nomads of Mongolia." in Nomads of the Eurasian steppes in the Early Iron Age ed by Jeannine Davis-Kimball, et al. (1995): 318-332 online.
  • Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (2005) a best-seller excerpt.

Other languages

  • Walther Heissig, Claudius Müller, Die Mongolen (exhibition catalogue in German), Munich 1989 (as Mongolen (catalogue))

Other websites

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