Iași pogrom

Iași pogrom^[a] was an antisemitic pogrom^[b] that happened in Romania under the rule of the pro-Nazi dictator Ion Antonescu between 28 and 30 June 1941. The pogrom, which killed 13,266 Jews, was part of the Holocaust in Romania.^[3]^[4]

Background

In 1940, Ion Antonescu became the Prime Minister of Romania as an Iron Guard member and began the Holocaust in Romania alongside Adolf Hitler.^[3]

Iron Guard

The Iron Guard (Romanian: Garda de Fier) was a pro-Nazi militant group founded by Romanian ultranationalist Corneliu Zelea Codreanu.^[5]

Massacre

Aided by Romanian civilians, who included recently released Iron Guard's members, German and Romanian troops killed 13,266 Jews across Iași between 28 and 30 June 1944.^[4] Many Romanian soldiers reportedly believed that all the Jews were communists or Freemasons who deserved their fate.^[3] A former professor, a priest and a railroad worker sacrificed when they were shot by Romanian soldiers for trying to save Jews under attack.

When shooting the former professor, a Romanian soldier reportedly yelled,^[3]

You dog, die with the kike you are defending!

4,300 Jews were deported elsewhere by train, 2,600 of whom died on the way.^[3]

Aftermath

Odessa massacre

The Holocaust in Romania intensified after the Iași pogrom. Four months later, Romanian troops, also under Ion Antonescu's order, killed as many as 100,000 Jews in Romanian-occupied Odessa, causing Odessa to lose 98.7% of her pre-war Jews.^[6] Between 1941 and Ion Antonescu's overthrow in the 23 August coup in 1944 led by King Michael I, as many as 400,000 Romanian Jews were killed, amounting to 52.8% of pre-war Romanian Jews.^[7]

War crimes trials

57 persons were convicted of war crimes for their role in the Iași pogrom, most of whom were sentenced to life in jail, while some were acquitted in 1997 under the democratic Romanian government.^[8] Ion Antonescu was executed.

Related pages

Footnotes

↑ Romanian: Pogromul de la Iași
↑ A pogrom is a form of riot that targets an ethnic or a religious group. It is derived from the Russian word погром ("pogrom"); from "громить" IPA: [grʌˈmitʲ] ‒ to wreak havoc, to demolish violently.^[1]^[2]

References

↑
- "Pogrom | Meaning, History, & Facts". Britannica. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Pogroms | Holocaust Encyclopedia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Pogroms". Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "What Were Pogroms?". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom". The Jerusalem Post. November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
↑
- Klier, John D. (1993). "The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe". Racist Violence in Europe. pp. 128–138. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9. ISBN 978-0-333-60102-0. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M; Bartal, Israel (2010). Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Brass, Paul R (2016). Riots and pogroms. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-24867-4. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Bemporad, Elissa (2019). Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046645-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Becker, Sascha O.; Mukand, Sharun; Yotzov, Ivan (August 10, 2022). "Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence". Explorations in Economic History. 86 (101471). doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4
- Ioanid, Radu (1993). "The Holocaust in Romania: The Iasi pogrom of June 1941" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 2 (2). Cambridge University Press: 119–148. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- "Roundup of Jews during a Pogrom in Iasi, Romania, June 1941". Yad Vashem. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- "On This Day: Romania orders Iași purged of Jews in pogrom in 1941". The Jerusalem Post. June 27, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Jews From Iaşi (Jassy) Who Survived the Transports". JewishGen. September 15, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
↑
- Haynes, Rebecca (1993). "German Historians and the Romanian National Legionary State 1940-41". The Slavonic and East European Review. 71 (4). Modern Humanities Research Association: 676–683. JSTOR stable/4211380. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- Deletant, Dennis (2006). "Antonescu and the National Legionary State". Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave USA. pp. 52–68. doi:10.1057/9780230502093_4. ISBN 9781403993410. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- Platon, Mircea (2012). "The Iron Guard and the 'Modern State'. Iron Guard Leaders Vasile Marin and Ion I. Moţa, and the 'New European Order'". Fascism. 1 (2). Brill: 65–90. doi:10.1163/22116257-00201002. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- Iordachi, Constantin (September 2, 2020). "Fascism and Terrorism: The Iron Guard in Interwar Romania". The Oxford Handbook of the History of Terrorism. Oxford University Press. pp. 384–402. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858569.013.40. ISBN 9780199858569. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
- Rusu, Mihai Stelian (2021). "Staging Death: Christofascist Necropolitics during the National Legionary State in Romania, 1940–1941". Nationalities Papers. 49 (3). Cambridge University Press: 576–589. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.22. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
↑
- International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.
- Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
- Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.
- Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.
- Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.
↑
- "Murder of the Jews of Romania". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "The Holocaust in Odesa". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
↑ Roni Stauber, Routledge, 2010, Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust, p. 260.

[1] Romanian: Pogromul de la Iași

[4] A pogrom is a form of riot that targets an ethnic or a religious group. It is derived from the Russian word погром ("pogrom"); from "громить" IPA: [grʌˈmitʲ] ‒ to wreak havoc, to demolish violently.^[1]^[2]

[2] 
"Pogrom | Meaning, History, & Facts". Britannica. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

"Pogroms | Holocaust Encyclopedia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

"Pogroms". Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

"What Were Pogroms?". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

"Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom". The Jerusalem Post. November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

[4] "Pogrom | Meaning, History, & Facts". Britannica. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

[5] "Pogroms | Holocaust Encyclopedia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

[6] "Pogroms". Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

[7] "What Were Pogroms?". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

[8] "Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom". The Jerusalem Post. November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.

[3] 
Klier, John D. (1993). "The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe". Racist Violence in Europe. pp. 128–138. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9. ISBN 978-0-333-60102-0. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M; Bartal, Israel (2010). Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

Brass, Paul R (2016). Riots and pogroms. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-24867-4. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

Bemporad, Elissa (2019). Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046645-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

Becker, Sascha O.; Mukand, Sharun; Yotzov, Ivan (August 10, 2022). "Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence". Explorations in Economic History. 86 (101471). doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

[10] Klier, John D. (1993). "The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe". Racist Violence in Europe. pp. 128–138. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9. ISBN 978-0-333-60102-0. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

[11] Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M; Bartal, Israel (2010). Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

[12] Brass, Paul R (2016). Riots and pogroms. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-24867-4. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

[13] Bemporad, Elissa (2019). Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046645-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

[14] Becker, Sascha O.; Mukand, Sharun; Yotzov, Ivan (August 10, 2022). "Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence". Explorations in Economic History. 86 (101471). doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471. Retrieved November 10, 2024.

[R1-5] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4
Ioanid, Radu (1993). "The Holocaust in Romania: The Iasi pogrom of June 1941" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 2 (2). Cambridge University Press: 119–148. Retrieved November 2, 2024.

"Roundup of Jews during a Pogrom in Iasi, Romania, June 1941". Yad Vashem. Retrieved November 2, 2024.

"On This Day: Romania orders Iași purged of Jews in pogrom in 1941". The Jerusalem Post. June 27, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2024.

[16] Ioanid, Radu (1993). "The Holocaust in Romania: The Iasi pogrom of June 1941" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 2 (2). Cambridge University Press: 119–148. Retrieved November 2, 2024.

[17] "Roundup of Jews during a Pogrom in Iasi, Romania, June 1941". Yad Vashem. Retrieved November 2, 2024.

[18] "On This Day: Romania orders Iași purged of Jews in pogrom in 1941". The Jerusalem Post. June 27, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2024.

[JG-6] 4.0 ^4.1 "Jews From Iaşi (Jassy) Who Survived the Transports". JewishGen. September 15, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2024.

[IG1-7] 
Haynes, Rebecca (1993). "German Historians and the Romanian National Legionary State 1940-41". The Slavonic and East European Review. 71 (4). Modern Humanities Research Association: 676–683. JSTOR stable/4211380. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

Deletant, Dennis (2006). "Antonescu and the National Legionary State". Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave USA. pp. 52–68. doi:10.1057/9780230502093_4. ISBN 9781403993410. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

Platon, Mircea (2012). "The Iron Guard and the 'Modern State'. Iron Guard Leaders Vasile Marin and Ion I. Moţa, and the 'New European Order'". Fascism. 1 (2). Brill: 65–90. doi:10.1163/22116257-00201002. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

Iordachi, Constantin (September 2, 2020). "Fascism and Terrorism: The Iron Guard in Interwar Romania". The Oxford Handbook of the History of Terrorism. Oxford University Press. pp. 384–402. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858569.013.40. ISBN 9780199858569. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

Rusu, Mihai Stelian (2021). "Staging Death: Christofascist Necropolitics during the National Legionary State in Romania, 1940–1941". Nationalities Papers. 49 (3). Cambridge University Press: 576–589. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.22. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

[21] Haynes, Rebecca (1993). "German Historians and the Romanian National Legionary State 1940-41". The Slavonic and East European Review. 71 (4). Modern Humanities Research Association: 676–683. JSTOR stable/4211380. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

[22] Deletant, Dennis (2006). "Antonescu and the National Legionary State". Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave USA. pp. 52–68. doi:10.1057/9780230502093_4. ISBN 9781403993410. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

[23] Platon, Mircea (2012). "The Iron Guard and the 'Modern State'. Iron Guard Leaders Vasile Marin and Ion I. Moţa, and the 'New European Order'". Fascism. 1 (2). Brill: 65–90. doi:10.1163/22116257-00201002. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

[24] Iordachi, Constantin (September 2, 2020). "Fascism and Terrorism: The Iron Guard in Interwar Romania". The Oxford Handbook of the History of Terrorism. Oxford University Press. pp. 384–402. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858569.013.40. ISBN 9780199858569. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

[25] Rusu, Mihai Stelian (2021). "Staging Death: Christofascist Necropolitics during the National Legionary State in Romania, 1940–1941". Nationalities Papers. 49 (3). Cambridge University Press: 576–589. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.22. Retrieved November 5, 2024.

[8] 
International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.

Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.

Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.

Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.

Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.

[27] International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.

[28] Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.

[29] Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.

[30] Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.

[31] Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.

[9] 
"Murder of the Jews of Romania". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

"The Holocaust in Odesa". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

"Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[33] "Murder of the Jews of Romania". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[34] "The Holocaust in Odesa". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[35] "Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 22, 2024.

[10] Roni Stauber, Routledge, 2010, Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust, p. 260.

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