Indo-Pakistani war of 1965

1965 war

Pakistani M4A1E6/M4A1(76)W Sherman medium tanks and infantry push forward while under fire.
Date6 September - 23 September 1965
Location
Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bengal
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
 Pakistan  India
Commanders and leaders
Ayub khan
Musa khan		 Lal Bahadur Shastri
J.N Chaudhuri
Strength

233,000 Infantry [1]
1,100 tanks [2]

260 aircrafts

900,000 Infantry [1]
1,450 tanks [3]

700+ aircrafts
Casualties and losses

Neutral claims:
1500 troops killed[1][4]
4,300 wounded[1][4]

200[5]-250 tanks[6]

19 aircrafts[4]

906 sq km (350 sq miles) of territory lost [7]

Neutral claims:
3,712 troops killed[1][4]
7,638 wounded [1][4]

200[5]-300 tanks[6]

75 aircrafts [4]

4,143 sq km(1,600 sq miles) of territory lost[7]


The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a Conflict that took place between April 1965 and 23 September 1965 between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India, This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War. Both countries fought over the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir. The first Kashmir War took place in 1947. The conflict began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar. All-out war broke out on 6 September when India attack on Lahore and end on 23 September.[8] The 17 days of war caused thousands of deaths on both sides. Ceasefire was declared through UNSC (United Nations Security Council) Resolution 211. The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the war.

Background

Since the partition of British India in August 1947, Pakistan and India remained in contention over several issues. Although the Kashmir conflict was the predominant issue dividing the nations, other border disputes existed, most notably over the Rann of Kutch, a barren region in the Indian state of Gujarat. In early 1965 a conflict broke out in Rann of Kutch also known as Kutch War that also increase the hostilities between in India and Pakistan.[9]

Losses

According to neural claims Pakistan suffered from 1,500 Soldiers killed and 4,300 wounded. India suffered from 3,712 Soldiers killed and 7,638 wounded.[1] Pakistan lost 200[5]-250[6] tanks and India lost 200[5]-300[6] tanks. Pakistan lost around 19 aircrafts and India lost 75 aircrafts.[4]

Pakistan officially claims that 1,033 Pakistani troops killed 2,171 wound and 630 missing, 145 Pakistani tank destroyed or damaged and 14 Pakistani aircraft lost. Pakistan also claims that 9,500 Indian soldiers killed, 11,000 wounded and 1,700 missing 475 Indian tanks destroyed and damaged as well as 110 Indian aircraft destroyed.[10]

Indian officially Claims that 3264 India troops killed and 8623 troops wounded total 12,000+ Indian troops casualties[11]

Neutral assessments:

  • Anthony Tucker-Jones write in his book Tank Battles of the Cold War, 1948–1991;–[12]

Both sides fought each other to a stalemate. Shortly after they agreed to a cease-fire, with each side having lost about 200 tanks.

  • In his book titled Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond Manus I. Midlarsky wrote[13];–

The most recent estimate has Pakistan occupying 1,600 square miles of Indian territory (1,300 of it desert). India conquered 350 square miles of Pakistan, but "of greater strategic value.

  • According to declassified CIA report on 1965 war[14];–

It is estimated that Pakistan suffered between 3,000 and 5,000 army personnel killed, wounded or captured. Indian Army losses are assessed as between 4,000 and 6,000 killed, wounded, and captured. Pakistan is believed to have lost at least 250 tanks, while Indian tank casualties are estimated to be up to 300. On Aircraft losses it would appear that the Pakistani Air Force performed better than the Indian and suffered fewer losses.

  • In the book Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, By Micheal Clodfelter stated that;–[15]

India put its military losses at 3,712 killed (Including 542 killed of August) and 7,638 wounded. India estimated Pakistani losses at 5,988 killed. Pakistan admitted to only 830 killed. Independent estimates accept the Indian figures for its personnel losses, put Pakistani 1,500 killed and 4,300 wounded.

  • Hassan Haqqani a professor for international relations at Boston University, in his book Magnificent Delusions stated that;–[16]

Pakistan had occupied 1,600 square miles of Indian territory, 1,300 of it in the desert, whereas India secured 350 square miles of Pakistani real estate.

  • Brain Cloughley in his book: A history of the Pakistan army stated that;–[17]

The fact that Pakistan’s army managed to fight the Indians to a standstill is amazing, and much credit should be given to the Pakistan air force for its part in countering its much larger Indian opponent and supporting the ground forces.

  • In the book Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, By Micheal Clodfelter stated that;–[18]

One aviation observer claims that the Indian figures for aircraft lost were the reverse of actual losses. He claims India had 75 of its warplanes shot down in 3,937 sorties, while Pakistan lost only 19, in 2,364 sorties.

  • From crisis to crisis: Pakistan 1962-1969 by Feldman, Herbert estimated Pakistan losses:-[19]

3,500+ Pakistan troops killed or wounded, 108+ Pakistani tanks destroyed, 0 navel losses, 21 aircrafts lost:-

  • The Institute of Strategic Studies, London, had published estimate of losses in men and material sustained by each of the belligerents as follows:-[19]

Pakistan Army: Casualties, 3,000-5,000 men. Over 250 tanks lost. Indian Army: Casualties, 4,000-6,000 men. Up to 300 tanks lost.

Details

The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters pre-India and 3,000 pre neutral sources [20] were pushed across the ceasefire line into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. India retaliated by crossing the international border at Lahore.[21] At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when UN asked for ceasefire.[22] Both India and Pakistan suffered from heavy losses [9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005). Encyclopedia of Wars. Facts On File. pp. Page: 602 https://ibb.co/WNvkz41K. ISBN 978-0-8160-2851-1.
  2. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  3. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2021-06-30). Tank Battles of the Cold War, 1948–1991. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-5267-7802-4.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "OUTCOME OF INDIA-PAKISTAN WARFARE | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-27.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Midlarsky, Manus I. (2011-03-17). Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-139-50077-7.
  8. ↑ Chandigarh, India – Main News. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bajwa, Farooq Naseem (2013). From Kutch to Tashkent: the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-84904-230-7. OCLC 809939368.
  10. ↑ Rahman, Tariq (2022-06-09). Pakistan's Wars: An Alternative History. Taylor & Francis. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-000-59440-9.
  11. ↑ "India government claims on 1965 war". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2025-08-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. ↑ Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2021-06-30). Tank Battles of the Cold War, 1948–1991. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-5267-7802-4.
  13. ↑ Midlarsky, Manus I. (2011-03-17). Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. pp. Page:256. ISBN 978-1-139-50077-7.
  14. ↑ "OUTCOME OF INDIA-PAKISTAN WARFARE". Go to CIA.gov. October 1, 2003.
  15. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  16. ↑ Haqqani, Husain (2013-11-05). Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding. PublicAffairs. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-61039-318-8.
  17. ↑ Cloughley, Brian (2000). A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (5th edition). Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-579374-1.
  18. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Feldman, Herbert (1972). From crisis to crisis: Pakistan 1962-1969. Internet Archive. London, Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-215192-6.
  20. ↑ Nawaz, Shuja (2018). Crossed swords: Pakistan, its army, and the wars within. Oxford Pakistan paperbacks (Second ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-940567-1.
  21. ↑ "Are India's plans to celebrate 1965 war 'victory' in 'bad taste'?". 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
  22. ↑ "1965 War". www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 2017-05-07. Retrieved 2018-01-04.


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