Julius Evola

Julius Evola
Evola in the early 1940s
Born
Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola

(1898-05-19)19 May 1898
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Died11 June 1974(1974-06-11) (aged 76)
Rome, Republic of Italy
Era20th-century philosophy
Region
SchoolPerennialism
Traditionalism
Conservative Revolution
Main interests
Notable ideas
Military service
Allegiance Kingdom of Italy
Branch Italian Army
Years of service1917–1918
RankArtillery officer
Battles / warsWorld War I

Giulio Cesare Andrea 'Julius' Evola (Italian: [ˈɛːvola]; 19 May 1898 – 11 June 1974) was an Italian far-right thinker. Evola saw his beliefs as traditional, upper-class, warlike, and imperial. He was a strange thinker in Fascist Italy and had connections to Nazi Germany. After the war, he guided the Italian neo-fascist and militant Right.

Early life

Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola was born in Rome on 19 May 1898. His family were strong Roman Catholic aristocrats, and he is sometimes called a baron. Evola didn’t talk much about his early life, and he hid some details of his personal life.[1] He chose the name "Julius" to connect himself to ancient Rome.

Evola rebelled against his Catholic background.[2][3][4] He studied engineering at the Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci in Rome, but he did not finish his studies. He later said that he did not want to be known for academic titles like “doctor” or “engineer.” As a teenager, he became interested in painting, which he thought was one of his natural talents. He also enjoyed reading, especially the works of Oscar Wilde and Gabriele d'Annunzio. He was introduced to philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Otto Weininger. Other early influences on his thinking included Carlo Michelstaedter and Max Stirner.

Evola was drawn to the avant-garde, and for a short time, he joined Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's Futurist movement during his time at university. However, in 1916, he broke with Marinetti because he disagreed with Marinetti's extreme nationalism and support for industry. During World War I, Evola served as an artillery officer on the Asiago plateau. Even though he was not sure that Italy was fighting on the right side, as he admired Germany for its discipline, he volunteered in 1917 and saw some frontline service in 1918. After the war, he became a painter in the Dadaist movement in Italy. He called his paintings "inner landscapes" and wrote poetry in French, which he recited in cabarets with classical music.[1] Through his art and poetry, he became a well-known representative of Dadaism in Italy. However, in 1922, he gave up painting and poetry because he thought avant-garde art had become commercialized and too academic.

Evola was also a passionate mountaineer, which he saw as a way to have spiritual experiences.

Evola went through a "spiritual crisis" where he felt unhappy with regular life and wanted to go beyond normal human activities. He experimented with drugs and magic, which he said almost drove him mad. In 1922, when he was 23 years old, he thought about suicide. However, he avoided it after reading a Buddhist text that talked about shedding all identities and reaching a higher state of being. Evola later wrote about this in his book The Cinnabar Path.

Evola also published a book called The Doctrine of Awakening, which he saw as a way to repay his debt to Buddhism. His interests then turned to spiritual studies, transcendental ideas, and things beyond regular reason. He began reading esoteric texts and became more interested in the occult, alchemy, magic, and Eastern teachings, especially Tibetan Tantric yoga. Evola’s thoughts and feelings were similar to other intellectuals who were lost after World War I, but his ideas were more extreme and reactionary.

Written works

Julius Evola wrote more than 36 books and 1,100 articles.[5] In some of his 1930s writings and works about magic, he used different names, including "Ea" (from a Babylonian god), "Carlo d'Altavilla," and "Arthos" (from Arthurian legend).[6]

Christianity

In 1928, Evola wrote a book called Pagan Imperialism, which attacked Christianity and suggested that Fascism should follow the values of Ancient Rome and Western esotericism. He wanted to bring back the old caste system and an aristocratic society. Although he used the word "fascism," both Benito Mussolini's government and the Vatican criticized him.citation needed Some scholars believe that Mussolini used Evola’s ideas to warn the Vatican about "anti-clerical fascism."[7][8]

Richard Drake wrote that Evola often attacked the Catholic Church.[9] In April 1928, a Catholic journal called Revue Internationale des Sociétés Secrètes accused him of being a Satanist.[10][11][12]

In The Mystery of the Grail (1937), Evola rejected Christian ideas about the Holy Grail and said it was a symbol of an ancient spiritual force. He believed that the Ghibellines, who fought the Guelphs in 13th-century Italy, kept alive pre-Christian traditions. He thought the Guelphs' victory led to the decline of the warrior caste.135 He also connected the book to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a widely discredited document used in antisemitic conspiracy theories..[13][14]

Evola saw Christianity as a cause of decline because its values of equality and accessibility went against the Roman ideals of "duty, honor, and command."[15]

Buddhism

In The Doctrine of Awakening (1943), Evola wrote that the Pāli Canon represented the true teachings of Buddhism.[16] He believed that Buddhism had an "Aryan" origin and had been misunderstood. His ideas were influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche, but he disagreed with Nietzsche’s rejection of asceticism.

Evola said that the Pali Text Society supported his book, and it was published by an important Orientalist publisher.[17] However, some scholars, like Giuseppe Tucci, argued that Buddhism teaches universal kindness, which contradicts Evola’s ideas.[18] Other experts, like Arthur Versluis, believed that Evola distorted Buddhism to fit his own theories.[19] Despite this, the book inspired the Buddhist monk Ñāṇavīra Thera to take up a monastic life.

Modernity

Evola’s book Revolt Against the Modern World (1934) described an ideal Golden Age that had been lost over time. He argued that traditional societies were led by warriors who also had spiritual power. He believed that Western civilization was superior to the Eastern world and that intellectual questioning had weakened traditional values.

Evola believed that only "nonmodern" ways of life could bring true renewal. His book was praised by Mircea Eliade, a historian of religion who supported the Iron Guard, a Romanian far-right group.[20][21] Revolt Against the Modern World later became a cult classic among the far-right.

His last major work, Ride the Tiger (1961), argued that it was impossible to restore traditional society because the world had fallen too far into the Kali Yuga, an age of decline in Hindu cosmology. Instead of politics, he suggested a personal way to survive modernity, using everything from modern music to hallucinogenic drugs for spiritual growth.[22]

By the 1960s, Evola believed that right-wing movements could not stop modern decay.[23] However, he still supported violent action when the right moment came.[24]

Other writings

Evola wrote for the fascist magazine Critica Fascista and edited the cultural page of Il Regime Fascista, a radical newspaper run by Roberto Farinacci.[25][26][27] He also contributed to La Vita Italiana, an antisemitic magazine.[28][29]

In his 1945 essay American "Civilization", Evola criticized the United States as a place of "vacuous individualism" and consumer culture.[2] He also wrote about war as a spiritual experience in his posthumous book Metaphysics of War.[30]

Evola translated works by Oswald Spengler and José Ortega y Gasset into Italian.[31]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rose, Matthew (2021). A World after Liberalism: Philosophers of the Radical Right. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-300-26308-4. OCLC 1255236096.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. pp. 52–71. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0.
  3. ↑ Romm, Jake. "Meet the Philosopher Who's a Favorite of Steve Bannon and Mussolini". The Forward. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  4. ↑ Horowitz, Jason (11 February 2017). "Thinker loved by fascists like Mussolini is on Stephen Bannon's reading list". BostonGlobe.com. New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  5. ↑ Furlong 2011, p. 20.
  6. ↑ Furlong 2011, pp. 1–2.
  7. ↑ Furlong 2011, p. 42.
  8. ↑ Gregor 2006, pp. 89–91.
  9. ↑ Drake, Richard (2021). The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy (Second ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-05714-3. OCLC 1221015144.
  10. ↑ Coogan 1999, p. 293.
  11. ↑ Waterfield 1990, p. 14.
  12. ↑ Tarannes 1928, pp. 124–129.
  13. ↑ Barber 2004, pp. 305–306.
  14. ↑ Evola, Julius (November 1996). Mystery of the Grail. Translated by Hansen, H. T. Inner Traditions. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0892815736.
  15. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke 2001, p. 61.
  16. ↑ Skorupski 2005, p. 9.
  17. ↑ T. Skorupski. The Buddhist Forum, Volume 4. Routledge, 2005, pp. 11–20
  18. ↑ Lopez 1995, p. 177.
  19. ↑ Versluis 2007, pp. 144–145.
  20. ↑ Coogan 1999.
  21. ↑ Weitzman, Mark (2020). ""One Knows the Tree by the Fruit That It Bears:" Mircea Eliade's Influence on Current Far-Right Ideology". Religions. 11 (5): 250. doi:10.3390/rel11050250.
  22. ↑ Furlong 2011, pp. 96, 103.
  23. ↑ Ferraresi 1987, p. 131.
  24. ↑ Wolff 2016, p. 490.
  25. ↑ Wolff, Elisabetta Cassina (2014). "Apolitìa and Tradition in Julius Evola as Reaction to Nihilism". European Review. 22 (2): 258–273. doi:10.1017/S106279871400009X. ISSN 1062-7987. S2CID 144821530.
  26. ↑ Drake 1986, p. 66–67.
  27. ↑ Ferraresi 2012, p. 44.
  28. ↑ Evola, Julius (2006). I testi de La vita italiana: 1939-1943 [The texts of La vita italiana: 1939-1943] (in Italian). Edizioni di Ar. ISBN 9788889515136.
  29. ↑ Drake 1986, p. 66.
  30. ↑ Lennart Svensson. Ernst Jünger – A Portrait. Manticore Books, 2016. p. 202.
  31. ↑ Evola, Julius (2009). The Path of Cinnabar: An Intellectual Autobiography. Arktos. p. 177. ISBN 978-1907166020. OCLC 985108552.

Works cited

  • Aprile, Mario (1984), "Julius Evola: An Introduction to His Life and Work," The Scorpion No. 6 (Winter/Spring): 20–21.
  • Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Barber, Richard (2004). The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674018150.
  • Coletti, Guillermo (1996), "Against the Modern World: An Introduction to the Work of Julius Evola," Ohm Clock No. 4 (Spring): 29–31.
  • Coogan, Kevin (1999). Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International. Brooklyn, New York: Autonomedia. ISBN 9781570270390.
  • De Benoist, Alain. "Julius Evola, réactionnaire radical et métaphysicien engagé. Analyse critique de la pensée politique de Julius Evola," Nouvelle Ecole, No. 53–54 (2003), pp. 147–69.
  • De Turris, Gianfranco (2020). Julius Evola: The Philosopher and Magician in War: 1943-1945. Translated by Eric Dennis Antonius Galati. Inner Traditions. ISBN 9781620558065.
  • Drake, Richard H. (1986). "Julius Evola and the Ideological Origins of the Radical Right in Contemporary Italy". In Peter H. Merkl (ed.). Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations. University of California Press. pp. 61–89. ISBN 0-520-05605-1.
  • Drake, Richard H. (1988), "Julius Evola, Radical Fascism and the Lateran Accords," The Catholic Historical Review 74: 403–419.
  • Drake, Richard H. (1989), "The Children of the Sun," in The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-35019-0), 114–134.
  • Drury, Nevill (2004). The Dictionary of the Esoteric: 3000 Entries on the Mystical and Occult Traditions. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1989-4. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  • Ebeling, Florian (2007). The Secret History of Hermes Trismegistus: Hermeticism from ancient to modern times. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801445460. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1ffjptt. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  • Evola, Julius (1953). Gli uomini e le rovine. Rome: Edizioni dell'Ascia.
  • Evola, Julius (1974). Il cammino del cinabro (in Italian). Milan: Vanni Scheiwiller. ISBN 9788827223444. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  • Evola, Julius (17 September 2015). A Traditionalist Confronts Fascism. Arktos Media. ISBN 9781910524022.
  • Feinstein, Wiley (2003). The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-Semites. Madison [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3988-7. OCLC 51985017.
  • Furlong, Paul (21 April 2011). Social and Political Thought of Julius Evola. Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-72549-4. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  • Ferraresi, Franco (1987). "Julius Evola : tradition, reaction, and the Radical Right". European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie. 28 (1): 107–151. doi:10.1017/S0003975600005415. ISSN 1474-0583.
  • Forshaw, Peter, ed. (28 November 2016). Lux in Tenebris: The Visual and the Symbolic in Western Esotericism. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-33495-3. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  • Gillette, Aaron (2014). Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. Routledge.
  • Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2001). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press.
  • Gregor, A. James (2006). The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521676397.
  • Gregor, A. James (2005). Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought. Princeton University Press.
  • Griffin, Roger (1985), "Revolts against the Modern World: The Blend of Literary and Historical Fantasy in the Italian New Right," Literature and History 11 (Spring): 101–123.
  • Griffin, Roger (1995) (ed.), Fascism (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-289249-5), 317–318.
  • Hans Thomas Hakl, "La questione dei rapporti fra Julius Evola e Aleister Crowley", in: Arthos 13, Pontremoli, Centro Studi Evoliani, 2006, pp. 269–289.
  • Hansen, H. T. (1994), "A Short Introduction to Julius Evola," Theosophical History 5 (January): 11–22; reprinted as introduction to Evola, Revolt Against the Modern World, (Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1995).
  • Hansen, H. T. (2002), "Julius Evola's Political Endeavors," introduction to Evola, Men Among the Ruins, (Vermont: Inner Traditions).
  • Junginger, Horst (2008). "From Buddha To Adolf Hitler: Walther Wüst And The Aryan Tradition". The Study of Religion Under the Impact of Fascism. Koninklijke Brill. pp. 105–177.
  • Lachman, Gary (2012). Politics and the Occult: The Left, the Right, and the Radically Unseen. Quest Books.
  • Laruelle, Marlene (2015). Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe–Russia Relationship. Lexington Books.
  • Lewis, James R.; Melton, J. Gordon (1 January 1992). Perspectives on the New Age. New York City: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1213-8. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  • Lopez, Donald S. (1995). Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226493091.
  • Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  • Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14873-7.
  • Rees, Philip (1991), Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 (New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-13-089301-3), 118–120.
  • Magee, Glenn Alexander (2008). Hegel and the Hermetic Tradition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7450-7.
  • Sedgwick, Mark (2009). Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195396010.
  • Sedgwick, Mark (2023). Traditionalism: The Radical Project for Restoring Sacred Order. Pelican Books. ISBN 9780241487921.
  • Senholt, Jacob Christiansen (2013). "Radical Politics and Political Esotericism: The Adaptation of Esoteric Discourse within the Radical Right". In Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (eds.). Contemporary Esotericism. Equinox Publishing. pp. 244–264.
  • Sheehan, Thomas (1981). "Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and Alain de Benoist". Social Research. 48 (1): 45–73.
  • Skorupski, Tadeusz (9 August 2005). The Buddhist Forum (4 ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-75182-1. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  • Stucco, Guido (1992), "Translator's Introduction," in Evola, The Yoga of Power (Vermont: Inner Traditions), ix–xv.
  • Stucco, Guido (1994), "Introduction," in Evola, The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries, Zen: The Religion of the Samurai, Rene Guenon: A Teacher for Modern Times, and Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism (Edmonds, WA: Holmes Publishing Group).
  • Tarannes, A. (1 April 1928). "Un sataniste italien". Revue Internationale des Sociètès Secrètes. 17 (4): 124–129.
  • Taylor, Kathleen (2012). Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra and Bengal: 'An Indian Soul in a European Body?. Routledge. ISBN 9780415749367.
  • Versluis, Arthur (2007). Magic and Mysticism: An Introduction to Western Esoteric Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Wasserstrom, Steven M. (1995), "The Lives of Baron Evola," Alphabet City 4 + 5 (December): 84–89.
  • Weitzman, Mark (2021). "Traditionalism or the Perennial Philosophy". Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate. Indiana University Press. pp. 96–112.
  • Wolff, Elisabetta Cassina (19 October 2016). "Evola's interpretation of fascism and moral responsibility". Patterns of Prejudice. 50 (4–5): 478–494. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2016.1243662. ISSN 0031-322X. S2CID 152240495. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  • Waterfield, Robin (1990). "Baron Julius Evola and the Hermetic Tradition". Gnosis. No. 14. pp. 12–17.
  • "Bibliografia di J. Evola". Fondazione Julius Evola. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.