Kingdom of Gwynedd
Kingdom of Gwynedd Teyrnas Gwynedd (Welsh) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 401–1283 | |||||||||
Flag of Gwynedd (Aberffraw)
Coat of arms
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| Anthem: Unbennaeth Prydain The Monarchy of Britain[1][2][3] | |||||||||
Medieval kingdoms of Wales | |||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Religion | Celtic Christianity[10] | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• 401–440 | Cunedda | ||||||||
• 520–547 | Maelgwn Gwynedd | ||||||||
• 625–634 | Cadwallon ap Cadfan | ||||||||
• 844 – 878 | Rhodri Mawr | ||||||||
• 1081–1137 | Gruffudd ap Cynan | ||||||||
• 1137–1170 | Owain Gwynedd | ||||||||
• 1195–1240 | Llywelyn the Great | ||||||||
• 1253–1282 | Llywelyn II | ||||||||
• 1282–1283 | Dafydd III | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
| 401 | |||||||||
• Declaration of the Principality of Wales | 3 October 1283 | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• c. 1271 | 200,000[11] | ||||||||
| Currency |
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| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
^ In Latin, Gwynedd was often referred to in official medieval charters and acts of the 13th century as Principatus Norwallia (Principality of North Wales). | |||||||||
The Kingdom of Gwynedd (Medieval Latin: Venedotia / Norwallia / Guenedota; Middle Welsh: Guynet)[1][12] was a Welsh kingdom. The kingdom was founded after the Roman Empire fell. It was founded in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.[13]
The Kingdom of Gwynedd was in northwest Wales. The rulers of Gwynedd were very important. They were called the "King of the Britons" many times. However, they would often lose power in different civil wars or invasions.[14]
Related pages
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wade-Evans, Arthur. Welsh Medieval Law. Oxford University, 1909. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ↑ Bradley, A.G. (1 February 2013) [1901]. "Owen Glyndwr and the Last Struggle for Welsh Independence". New York city: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
- ↑ Jenkins, John (1 February 2013) [1873]. "Poetry of Wales". archive.org. London: Houlston & Sons.
- ↑ "Deganwy castle". castlesfortsbattles.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ Lloyd 2004, p. 232.
- ↑ Llwyd 1832, pp. 112–113.
- ↑ Lloyd 2004.
- ↑ "Aber Castle (Garth Celyn)". sarahwoodbury.co.uk. 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ Bell 1955
- ↑ Archpriest Vladislav Tsypin. "The Church in seventh century Celtic Britain". orthochristian.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ Davies 1994, p. 151.
- ↑ Lewis, Timothy (1913). "A glossary of mediaeval Welsh law, based upon the Black book of Chirk". Manchester University Press.
- ↑ "The lost kingdoms of Wales". walesonline.co.uk. 5 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ↑ Maund 2006.
Explanatory notes
- ↑ Old Welsh (until 12th century)
- ↑ British Latin was used until the 8th century. Medieval Latin was used afterward.
General sources
Books
Primary sources
- Barbier, Paul (1908). The age of Owain Gwynedd. Newport: London D. Nutt.
- Barlow, Frank (2000). William Rufus. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08291-6.
- Bartlett, Robert (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
- Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales. Penguin Group. ISBN 0140284753.
- Lloyd, J. E. (2004) [1911]. A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest. New York City: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-7607-5241-9.
- Llwyd, Angharad (1832). A history of the island of Anglesey.
- Lowe, Walter Bezant (1912). The Heart of Northern Wales. Vol. 1. – Template:Google book
- Lynch, Frances M. B. (1995). Gwynedd (A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales). The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-701574-6.
- Maund, Kari L. (2006). The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords, and Princes (3 ed.). Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-2973-1.
- Moore, David (2005). The Welsh Wars of Independence. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-3321-9.
- Parry, Thomas; Bell, H. Idris (1955). "A History of Welsh Literature". archive.org. Oxford University Press.
- Turvey, Roger, ed. (2010). Twenty-One Welsh Princes. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. ISBN 9781845272692.
- Walker, David (1990). Medieval Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521311533.
- Warner, Philip (1997). Famous Welsh Battles. New York City: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-0466-X.
- Williams, W. Llewelyn (1908). Giraldus Cambrensis, The Itinerary Through Wales and the Description of Wales.
Secondary sources
- Bown, Ivor (1908). Statutes of Wales. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
- Davies, John (2002). The Celts. New York City: Cassell Illustrated. ISBN 1-84188-188-0.
- Davies, Rees R. (1987). Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales 1063–1415. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821732-9.
- Evans, Gwynfor (2004). Cymru O Hud [Welsh are still here]. Abergwyngregyn: Y Lolfa. ISBN 0-86243-545-5.
- Evans, Simon (1990). A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan. Llanerch Enterprises. ISBN 0-947992-58-8.
- Giles, John Allen (1841). The works of Gildas and Nennius. London: James Bohn.
- Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic (Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195162374.
- Jones, Owen; Williams, Edward; Pughe, William Owen (1801). Evans, John (ed.). The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales: collected out of ancient manuscripts. Denbigh: Thomas Gee.
The Myvyrian Archaiology
- Koch, John (2005). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio.
- Llwyd, Humphrey (2002). Cronica Walliae. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1638-2.
- Maund, K. L. (1996). Gruffudd ap Cynan: a collaborative biography. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 0-85115-389-5.
- Morris, John E. (1996). The Welsh Wars of Edward I. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books. ISBN 0-938289-67-5.
- Pargeter, Edith (1989). The Brothers of Gwynedd. Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 9780747232674.
- Penman, Sharon Kay. The Welsh Trilogy. Ballantine Books.
- Pennant, Thomas. A Tour of Wales. Vol. 1–8.
- Pryce, Huw; Insley, Charles (2005). The Acts of Welsh Rulers 1120–1283. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0708318975.
- Siddons, Michael Powell (1991). The Development of Welsh Heraldry, Vol. I. National Library of Wales. ISBN 0907158-51X.
- Siddons, Michael Powell (1993). The Development of Welsh Heraldry, Vol. II. National Library of Wales. ISBN 0907158-51X.
- Smith, Beverley J. (2001). Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1474-6.
- Stephenson, David (1984). The Governance of Gwynedd. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-0850-9. OL 22379507M.
- Roger Turvey (2002). "Conflict or Coexistence: Marchia Wallie and Pura Wallia". The Welsh Princes. Routledge. pp. 39–64. doi:10.4324/9781315840802-3. ISBN 9781315840802.
- Williams, John (1860). Brut y Tywysogion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes (reprint ed.). London: Longman Green.
Caradoc of Llancarfan
Dictionary of Welsh biography sources
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cunedda Wledig, flourished 450, British prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Davies, William Hopkin (1959). "Maelgwn Gwynedd,(died c. 547) king of Gwynedd and monk". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Davies, William Hopkin (1959). "Rhun Ap Maelgwn Gwynedd, (fl. 550), ruler of north-west Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadfan (fl. 620), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwallon (died 633), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwaladr (died 664), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- "Rhodri Molwynog (died 754), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- "Cynan Dindaethwy (died 816) Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- "Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog (died 825), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Merfyn Frych (died 844), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Anarawd ap Rhodri (died 916), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Idwal Foel ('the Bald '; died 942), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iago Ab Idwal Foel (fl. 942–979), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Williams, Stephan Joseph (1959). "Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (died 950), king and legislator". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Hywel ap Ieuaf (died 985), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Ieuaf (or Idwal) ab Idwal Foel (died 985), joint king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Meurif Ab Idwal Foel (died 986), nobleman of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Idwal Ap Meurig (died 996), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- "Maerdudd ab Owain ap Hywel Dda (died 999)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn Ap Seisyll (died 1023), king of Deheubarth and Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iago ab Idwal Foel (died 1039), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Parry, Thomas (1959). "Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Hudson, Benjamin (1959). "Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- "Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (died 1075) Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Trahaern Ap Caradog (died 1081), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iorwerth Drwyndwn (The Flat-nosed) (died probably c. 1174), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100 – 1170), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Roderick, Arthur James (1959). "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), soldier and poet". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwaladr(died 1172), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (died after 1173), prince of Anglesey". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cynan ab Owain (died 1174), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri ab Owain (died 1195), a prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (David I, died 1203), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (died 1244), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Thomas Jones Pierce (1959). "Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1212), lord of Eifionydd, part of Ardudwy, and Merioneth and co-founder of the Cistercian house of Cymmer". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn Fawr and Llywelyn Fychan (fl. early 13th century). lords of Merioneth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Dafydd ap Llywelyn (David II, died 1246), Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain ap Gruffydd, or Owain Goch, (fl. 1260), a prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ('Llywelyn the Last,' or Llywelyn II), Prince of Wales (died 1282)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David III, died 1283), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri ap Gruffydd (died c. 1315), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Madog ap Llywelyn, rebel of 1294". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (' Owain Lawgoch '; died 1378), a soldier of fortune and pretender to the principality of Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain Glyndŵr (c. 1354 – 1416), 'Prince of Wales'". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
Wiki source – Dictionary of National Biography and Encyclopædia
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Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
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Other websites
- Williams Ab Ithel, John, ed. (2012). Brut Y Tywysogion. Cambridge Library Collection - Rolls. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163484. ISBN 9781108043021.
- Nancy Edwards. "Early Medieval Wales: material evidence and identity" (PDF). research.bangor.ac.uk.