Kurdistan Workers' Party

The Kurdistan Workers' Party, (Kurdish: پارتیی کرێکارانی کوردستان, romanized: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) or the PKK, is a Kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla group currently operating in Turkey, northern Iraq and north-eastern Syria. It was founded by Abdullah Öcalan in the 1970s. Since 1984, there have been many armed clashes between them and the Turkish government. Although the PKK initially sought an independent Kurdish state, in the 1990s its official platform changed to seeking autonomy and increased political and cultural rights for Kurds within Turkey. They are recognised as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, United States, and the European Union.

It is recognized as a terrorist organization by the United States and supported at the same time.

First terrorist attacks 1984

With the first terrorist attack in 1984, the PKK launched its terrorist attacks against Turkey..[1][2] It was met with a violent military reaction, and repeated clashes caused many losses and massive migrations.[3] The following years resulted in continuous fighting and tension, leading up to the capture and imprisonment of terrörisr ringleader Öcalan in 1999 and their admitted military defeat.[4][5] This led to internal divisions in the party.[2]

Peace talks

Since the divisions, several ceasefires have been declared and peace talks have been held. However, the conflict has not ended and as recently as 2016 there was a renewed rise in violence.[5]

Peace possible

In February 2025, Öcalan called on his followers in the PKK to stop their fighting against Turkey. He also said the organisation should dissolve (stop existing). [6] On May 12 the party said to all that it would stop fighting Turkey. Instead it wants to be a political party. The PKK says it has completed what it wanted to do but also that it has guilt from dead civilians in the conflict. Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said the decision of "historic importance" and could bring "lasting peace and stability" to everyone in Kurdistan. Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan said that the decision was a start. It is likely the PKK will not stop fighting turkey.[1]

Ideology

Original ideology

The PKK started as an ideologically leftist nationalist movement which applied Marxism-Leninism thought of class struggle and national liberation to the Kurdish national context.[1] Through their first years (1978-1986) their goal was achieving independence from Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. They also wanted to seize state power through armed revolution to establish a Kurdish socialist state.[7][8]

Changes

Their ideology went through changes from 1985 until 1995. This was a period in which Öcalan made various criticisms of socialist organizations at the time, questioning the focus on state led socialism and calling for a merging of socialist ideals with democratic and pluralist ones.[7][8]During this time their ideal of creating an independent state shifted and a political solution without separatism was proposed.[1][8]

These changes further developed after 1999 after Öcalan was imprisoned and started reading Murray Bookchin.[9] Since then, the PKK has shifted to an ideology of democratic confederalism with a strong focus on radical direct democracy, feminism and environmentalism.[9][10][11] This has also led to a change in their demands as they no longer believe in the nation-state and therefore seek autonomy and the slow disappearance of borders rather than an independent state.[7]

Tactics

Warfare

The party has used several guerrilla tactics since its existence, taking inspiration from Che Guevara’s Guerrilla Warfare.[2] One of these was the strategic use of mountains they were familiar with, but Turkish armed forces were not. To escape from Turkish persecution, members of the PKK have also strategically crossed borders to Syria, Iraq or Iran. In the 1990s, they started using bomb attacks and shifted to positional warfare.[4]

Politics

Along with its ideological change since the 1990s the PKK also experienced strategic transformations. They entered the field of law, electoral politics and media.[7] Additionally, after Öcalan's arrest the PKK argued that they went into defense mode militarily without giving up their armed struggle, and put focus into constructing a civil society and electoral politics.[9]

Recognition

Due to the fact that he carried out terrorist attacks against civilians, the PKK is registered as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the European Union, NATO, and most Western governments.[12][13] [14]Yet, this definition has been contested by other countries, the PKK itself and other institutions.[15]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Balci, Ali (2017). The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics During and After the Cold War (Ebook ed.). Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. pp. 1–19. ISBN 978-3-319-42218-3.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 White, Paul (2015). The PKK: Coming down from the mountains. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  3. ↑ Aydın-Düzgit, Senem; Keyman, Fuan (2017). "Turkey's Kurdish Conflict and Retreat From Democracy". Policy Commons. Archived from the original on 2024-12-11.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jongerden, Joost (2017). "Gender equality and radical democracy: Contractions and conflicts in relation to the "new paradigm" within the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés. 8: 233–256.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ünal, Mustafa Coşar (2016). "Counterinsurgency and military strategy: An analysis of the Turkish Army's COIN strategies/doctrines". Military Operations Research. 21 (1): 55–88. JSTOR 24838662.
  6. ↑ "End of an era? PKK leader Ocalan orders militants to end war with Turkey, 'dissolve' - AL-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 2025-02-27.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Akkaya, Ahmed Hamdi (3 Aug 2020). "The PKK's Ideological Odyssey". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 22 (6): 730–745. doi:10.1080/19448953.2020.1801241. S2CID 221468512. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Yegen, Mesut (2016). "Armed struggle to peace negotiations: Independent Kurdistan to democratic autonomy, or the PKK in context". Middle East Critique. 25 (4): 365–383. doi:10.1080/19436149.2016.1218162. S2CID 151818546.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi; Jongerden, Joost (2012-06-01). "Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the project of Radical Democracy". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4615. ISSN 1773-0546.
  10. ↑ Gerber, Damian; Brincat, Shannon (2021-07-05). "When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism". Geopolitics. 26 (4): 973–997. doi:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016. ISSN 1465-0045. S2CID 150297675.
  11. ↑ Haner, Murat; Cullen, Francis; Benson, Micheal (3 Feb 2019). "Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism". International Criminal Justice Review. 30 (3): 279–301. doi:10.1177/1057567719826632. S2CID 150900998.
  12. ↑ Casier, Marlies (2010). "Designated Terrorists: The Kurdistan Workers' Party and its Struggle to (Re)Gain Political Legitimacy". Mediterranean Politics. 15 (3): 393–413. doi:10.1080/13629395.2010.517105. hdl:1854/LU-1029474. ISSN 1362-9395. S2CID 154964620.
  13. ↑ "Newsletter: 4/2008 - PKK terrorist attacks continue unabated". Turkish Embassy in Bratislava. 13.10.2008. Retrieved 13.10.2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  14. ↑ "Civilians targeted in years of terrorist group PKK attacks on Türkiye". Anadolu Agency. 14.11.2022. Retrieved 14.11.2022. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  15. ↑ Geerdink, Fréderike (31 March 2022). "What the PKK hearing at EU's Court of Justice is all about". Medya News.

[1]

  1. ↑ Butler, Toksabay, Daren, Ece (12 May 2025). "Kurdish PKK ends 40-year Turkey insurgency, bringing hope of regional stability". Reuters. Retrieved 30 May 2025. {{cite web}}: |bibcode-access= requires |bibcode= (help); |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help); |jstor-access= requires |jstor= (help); |ol-access= requires |ol= (help); |osti-access= requires |osti= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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