Opal

The opal is a fairly white rock mineral. It is the birthstone for the month of October. Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water. which means it has both silica (SiO₂) and water inside it. The amount of water in an opal can be between 3% to 21% of its weight, but most opals have around 6% to 10% water. Opal does not have a fixed crystal shape like some other stones. Because of this, it is called a mineraloid instead of a mineral. Minerals have a proper crystal structure, but opals don’t.[1]

Opal forms at low temperatures inside the earth. It can fill cracks or gaps (called fissures) in almost any type of rock. However, it is most often found with rocks like limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt.[2]

Precious Opal

Precious opal is a type of opal that shows beautiful colors when you look at it from different angles. Even though it is a mineraloid, it still has a special kind of internal structure.[3]

If you look at a precious opal under a microscope, you will see that it is made up of tiny round balls of silica. These balls are called silica spheres, and each one is about 150 to 300 nanometers in size (that’s incredibly small around 0.0000059 to 0.0000118 inches). These tiny spheres are arranged very neatly in patterns called hexagonal or cubic close-packed lattices[4][5]

In the mid-1960s, a scientist named J. V. Sanders discovered that the bright colors inside precious opal happen because of the way light moves through this pattern of spheres. The spheres cause interference and diffraction of light which means they bend and spread the light, making it split into different colors.[6][7]

Common Opal

Common opal refers to varieties of opal that do not exhibit the characteristic play of color seen in precious opal. Several distinct types are recognized:[8]

  • Milk Opal: Milky white, bluish, or greenish in appearance; in some cases, it may reach gemstone quality.
  • Resin Opal: Honey-yellow in color with a resin-like luster.[9]
  • Wood Opal: Formed through the replacement of the organic structure of wood with opal.
  • Menilite: Typically brown or grey in color.[10]
  • Hyalite: Colorless and transparent, resembling glass; also referred to as Muller’s glass.[11]
  • Geyserite: Also called siliceous sinter; deposited around hot springs and geysers.[12]
  • Diatomaceous Earth: Composed of the microscopic silica shells (tests) of diatoms[13]

History

In antiquity, opal was considered rare and highly valuable. In Europe, it was regarded as a prized gemstone among royalty. Prior to the discovery of extensive deposits in Australia during the 19th century, the only known significant source was Červenica, located beyond the Roman frontier in present-day Slovakia. Today, opal is recognized as the national gemstone of Australia.[14]

References

  1. ↑ The World of Opals.
  2. ↑ "Opal Description". www.gia.edu. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  3. ↑ Sanders, J. V. "Colour of Precious Opal". Nature. 204 (4964): 1151–1153. doi:10.1038/2041151a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  4. ↑ Sanders, J. V. "Colour of Precious Opal". Nature. 204 (4964): 1151–1153. doi:10.1038/2041151a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  5. ↑ Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. (Cornelius Searle); Dana, James Dwight (1985). Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana). Internet Archive. New York : Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-80580-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  6. ↑ Astratov, V. N.; Bogomolov, V. N.; Kaplyanskii, A. A.; Prokofiev, A. V.; Samoilovich, L. A.; Samoilovich, S. M.; Vlasov, Yu. A. (1995-11-01). "Optical spectroscopy of opal matrices with CdS embedded in its pores: Quantum confinement and photonic band gap effects". Il Nuovo Cimento D. 17 (11): 1349–1354. doi:10.1007/BF02457208. ISSN 0392-6737.
  7. ↑ "Opal Gems: Value, Price, and Jewelry Information - IGS".
  8. ↑ Zarak, Alexandra (2018-07-10). "Opal". McCrone. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  9. ↑ "Opals And Photonic Crystals". www.uvm.edu. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  10. ↑ "(PDF) An overview on Gem opals: from the geology to the color to the microstructure".
  11. ↑ Gemstone Research. "All About Opal Gemstone". Myratna.com. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  12. ↑ "(PDF) An overview on Gem opals: from the geology to the color to the microstructure" (PDF).
  13. ↑ Team, Geology In. "Types of Opal With Photos". Geology In. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  14. ↑ "Australian national gemstone". PM&C. Retrieved 2025-08-08.


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