President of El Salvador

President of the Republic of El Salvador
Presidente de la República de El Salvador
Presidential Seal
Presidential Standard
Incumbent
Nayib Bukele
since 1 June 2019
Executive branch of the government of El Salvador
StyleHis Excellency[1]
TypeHead of state
Head of government
Commander-in-chief
ResidenceCasa Presidencial
AppointerElected by the citizenry
Term lengthFive years[a]
renewable
Constituting instrumentConstitution of El Salvador (1983)
Formation22 February 1841 (1841-02-22)
First holderJuan José Guzmán
SuccessionLine of succession
DeputyVice President of El Salvador
SalaryUS$5,181 per month (2017)[3]
Websitewww.presidencia.gob.sv

The president of El Salvador (Spanish: presidente de El Salvador), officially the president of the Republic of El Salvador (Spanish: presidente de la República de El Salvador), is the head of state and head of government of El Salvador.[4] Under the Constitution of El Salvador, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander in chief of the Salvadoran Armed Forces. The office is currently held by Nayib Bukele, who was sworn in on 1 June 2019.[5]

List of presidents

No. Portrait Name

(Birth–Death)

Elected Term of office Political party Vice President Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
Political Chief of San Salvador (1821–1824)
1 Doctor

Pedro Barriere (1768–1827)

— 21 September 1821 28 November 1821 68 days colspan="2" rowspan="6" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office not established [6]
2 Doctor

José Matías Delgado (1767–1832)

— 28 November 1821 9 February 1823 1 year, 73 days Republican [7]
3 Brigadier

Vicente Filísola (1789–1850)

— 9 February 1823 7 May 1823 87 days Monarchist/Military [8]
4 General

Felipe Codallos (1790–1849)

— 7 May 1823 25 May 1823 18 days Monarchist/Military [9]
– Consultive Junta — 25 May 1823 17 June 1823 23 days Republican/Military [10]
– Mariano Prado

(1776–1837) Provisional Political Chief

— 17 June 1823 22 April 1824 310 days Republican/Liberal [11]
Head of State of the State of El Salvador (1824–1841)
5 Juan Manuel Rodríguez

(1771–1847)

— 22 April 1824 1 October 1824 162 days Independent| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office not established [12]
6 Mariano Prado

(1776–1837)

— 1 October 1824 13 December 1824 73 days Liberal [11]
7 Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz

(1764–1828)

— 13 December 1824 1 November 1826 1 year, 323 days Liberal Mariano Prado [13]
– Mariano Prado

(1776–1837) Acting Head of State

— 1 November 1826 30 January 1829 2 years, 90 days Liberal [11]
8 José María Cornejo

(1788–1864)

1829 30 January 1829 16 February 1830 1 year, 17 days Conservative General

Nicolás Espinoza

[14]
9 José Damián Villacorta

(1796–1860)

— 16 February 1830 4 December 1830 291 days Independent [15]
10 José María Cornejo

(1788–1864)

— 4 December 1830 3 April 1832 1 year, 121 days Conservative [14]
– General

Francisco Morazán (1792–1842) Provisional Head of State

— 3 April 1832 13 May 1832 40 days Liberal/Military Colonel

Joaquín de San Martín

[16]
11 Colonel

Joaquín de San Martín (1770–1854)

— 13 May 1832 25 July 1832 73 days Liberal/Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [17]
12 Mariano Prado

(1776–1837)

1832 25 July 1832 1 July 1833 341 days Liberal Colonel

Joaquín de San Martín

[18]
13 Colonel

Joaquín de San Martín (1770–1854)

1833 1 July 1833 23 June 1834 357 days Liberal/Military Colonel

Lorenzo González

[17]
– General

Carlos Salazar Castro (1800–1867) Provisional Head of State

— 23 June 1834 13 July 1834 20 days Military| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [19]
– José Gregorio Salazar

(1773–1838) Provisional Head of State

— 13 July 1834 30 September 1834 79 days Independent [20]
– Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera

(?–?) Provisional Head of State

— 30 September 1834 14 October 1834 14 days Independent José María Silva [21]
– José María Silva

(1804–1876) Acting Head of State

— 14 October 1834 2 March 1835 139 days Independent [22]
– Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera

(?–?) Acting Head of State

— 2 March 1835 10 April 1835 39 days Independent| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [21]
14 General

Nicolás Espinoza (1795–1845)

1835 10 April 1835 15 November 1835 219 days Liberal/Military José María Silva [23]
– Colonel

Francisco Gómez (1796–1838) Acting Head of State

— 15 November 1835 1 February 1836 78 days Independent/Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [24]
15 Diego Vigil

(1799–1845)

— 1 February 1836 23 May 1837 1 year, 111 days Liberal Timoteo Menéndez [25]
– Timoteo Menéndez

(?–?) Acting Head of State

— 23 May 1837 7 June 1837 15 days Independent [26]
16 Diego Vigil

(1799–1845)

— 7 June 1837 6 January 1838 213 days Liberal [25]
– Timoteo Menéndez

(?–?) Acting Head of State

— 6 January 1838 23 May 1839 1 year, 137 days Independent [26]
– Colonel

Antonio José Cañas (1785–1844) Acting Head of State

— 23 May 1839 11 July 1839 49 days Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [27]
17 General

Francisco Morazán (1792–1842)

— 11 July 1839 16 February 1840 40 days Liberal/Military José María Silva [16]
– José María Silva

(1804–1876) Acting Head of State

— 16 February 1840 5 April 1840 49 days Independent [22]
– Municipal Council of San Salvador — 5 April 1840 7 April 1840 2 days Independent| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [28]
– Colonel

Antonio José Cañas (1785–1844) Acting Head of State

— 7 April 1840 20 September 1840 166 days Military [27]
– Norberto Ramírez

(1802–1856) Acting Head of State

— 20 September 1840 7 January 1841 109 days Independent [29]
– Juan Lindo

(1790–1857) Provisional Head of State

— 7 January 1841 30 January 1841 23 days Conservative Pedro José Arce [30]
President of the Republic of El Salvador (1841–present)
– Juan Lindo

(1790–1857) Provisional President

— 30 January 1841 20 June 1841 141 days Conservative Pedro José Arce [31]
– Pedro José Arce

(1801–1871) Acting President

— 20 June 1841 28 June 1841 8 days Independent [32]
18 Juan Lindo

(1790–1857)

— 28 June 1841 1 February 1842 218 days Conservative [31]
– General

José Escolástico Marín (?–1846) Acting President

— 1 February 1842 12 April 1842 70 days Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [33]
19 General

Juan José Guzmán (1797–1847)

— 12 April 1842 30 June 1842 79 days Conservative/Military Pedro José Arce [34]
– Dionisio Villacorta

(?–1846) Acting President

— 30 June 1842 19 July 1842 19 days Independent [35]
– General

José Escolástico Marín (?–1846) Acting President

— 19 July 1842 26 September 1842 69 days Military [33]
20 General

Juan José Guzmán (1797–1847)

— 26 September 1842 26 January 1843 122 days Conservative/Military [34]
– Pedro José Arce

(1801–1871) Acting President

— 26 January 1843 8 March 1843 41 days Independent [32]
21 General

Juan José Guzmán (1797–1847)

— 8 March 1843 31 January 1844 329 days Conservative/Military [34]
– Fermín Palacios

(?–?) Acting President

— 1 February 1844 7 February 1844 6 days Independent| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [36]
22 General

Francisco Malespín (1806–1846)

1844 7 February 1844 9 May 1844 92 days Conservative/Military Luis Ayala [37]
General

Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán

– General

Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President

— 9 May 1844 16 June 1844 38 days Conservative [38]
23 General

Francisco Malespín (1806–1846)

— 16 June 1844 25 October 1844 131 days Conservative/Military [37]
– General

Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President

— 25 October 1844 16 February 1845 114 days Conservative [38]
– Fermín Palacios

(?–?) Acting President

— 16 February 1845 25 April 1845 68 days Independent [36]
– General

Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President

— 25 April 1845 1 February 1846 282 days Conservative [38]
– Fermín Palacios

(?–?) Acting President

— 1 February 1846 21 February 1846 20 days Independent| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [36]
24 Doctor

Eugenio Aguilar (1804–1879)

1846 21 February 1846 12 July 1846 141 days Liberal José Campo [39]
– Fermín Palacios

(?–?) Acting President

— 12 July 1846 21 July 1846 9 days Independent [36]
25 Doctor

Eugenio Aguilar (1804–1879)

— 21 July 1846 1 February 1848 1 year, 195 days Liberal [39]
– Tomás Medina

(1803–1884) Acting President

— 1 February 1848 3 February 1848 2 days Independent| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [40]
– José Félix Quirós

(1811–1883) Acting President

— 3 February 1848 7 February 1848 4 days Independent José Félix Quirós [41]
26 Doroteo Vasconcelos

(1803–1883)

1848 7 February 1848 26 January 1850 1 year, 353 days Liberal [42]
– Ramón Rodríguez

(1803–1884) Acting President

— 26 January 1850 1 February 1850 6 days Independent [43]
– José Félix Quirós

(1811–1883) Acting President

— 1 February 1850 4 February 1850 3 days Independent [41]
27 Doroteo Vasconcelos

(1803–1883)

1850 4 February 1850 12 January 1851 342 days Liberal [42]
– Francisco Dueñas

(1810–1884) Acting President

— 12 January 1851 19 March 1851 66 days Conservative [44]
– José Félix Quirós

(1811–1883) Acting President

— 19 March 1851 3 May 1851 45 days Independent [41]
– Francisco Dueñas

(1810–1884) Acting President

— 3 May 1851 30 January 1852 272 days Conservative [44]
– Colonel

José María San Martín (1811–1857) Acting President

— 30 January 1852 1 February 1852 2 days Conservative/Military [45]
28 Francisco Dueñas

(1810–1884)

1852 1 February 1852 1 February 1854 2 years, 0 days Conservative Tomás Medina [44]
– Vicente Gómez

(?–?) Acting President

— 1 February 1854 15 February 1854 14 days Independent General

José Mariano Hernández

[46]
29 Colonel

José María San Martín (1811–1857)

1854 15 February 1854 26 September 1854 223 days Conservative/Military [45]
– General

José Mariano Hernández (1786–1864) Acting President

— 26 September 1854 13 November 1854 48 days Conservative/Military [47]
30 Colonel

José María San Martín (1811–1857)

— 13 November 1854 1 February 1856 1 year, 80 days Conservative/Military [45]
– Francisco Dueñas

(1810–1884) Acting President

— 1 February 1856 12 February 1856 11 days Conservative Francisco Dueñas [44]
31 Rafael Campo

(1813–1890)

1856 12 February 1856 12 May 1856 90 days Conservative [48]
– Francisco Dueñas

(1810–1884) Acting President

— 12 May 1856 19 July 1856 68 days Conservative [49]
32 Rafael Campo

(1813–1890)

— 19 July 1856 1 February 1858 1 year, 197 days Conservative [48]
– Lorenzo Zepeda

(?–?) Acting President

— 1 February 1858 7 February 1858 6 days Independent| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [50]
33 General

Miguel Santín del Castillo (1830–1880)

1858 7 February 1858 24 June 1858 137 days Conservative General

Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán

[51]
– Captain General

Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865) Acting President

— 24 June 1858 16 September 1858 84 days Liberal [52]
34 General

Miguel Santín del Castillo (1830–1880)

— 16 September 1858 19 January 1859 125 days Conservative [51]
– General

Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801–1875) Acting President

— 19 January 1859 15 February 1859 27 days Conservative [38]
– José María Peralta

(1807–1883) Acting President

— 15 February 1859 12 March 1859 25 days Independent| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [53]
– Captain General

Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865) Acting President

— 12 March 1859 1 February 1860 326 days Liberal [52]
35 Captain General

Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865)

1859 1 February 1860 16 December 1860 319 days Liberal José Félix Quirós [52]
– José María Peralta

(1807–1883) Acting President

— 16 December 1860 7 February 1861 53 days Independent [53]
36 Captain General

Gerardo Barrios (1813–1865)

— 7 February 1861 26 October 1863 2 years, 261 days Liberal [52]
– Francisco Dueñas

(1810–1884) Provisional President

— 26 October 1863 1 February 1865 1 year, 98 days colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [44]
37 Francisco Dueñas

(1810–1884)

1864

1869

1 February 1865 12 April 1871 6 years, 70 days Conservative Gregorio Arbizú [44]
José María Parrilla
– Marshal

Santiago González (1818–1887) Provisional President

— 12 April 1871 1 February 1872 295 days Liberal/Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [54]
38 Marshal

Santiago González (1818–1887)

1872 1 February 1872 10 May 1872 99 days Liberal/Military Manuel Méndez [54]
– Manuel Méndez

(?–1872) Acting President

— 10 May 1872 9 July 1872 122 days Independent [55]
39 Marshal

Santiago González (1818–1887)

— 9 July 1872 1 February 1876 3 years, 145 days Liberal/Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [54]
40 Andrés del Valle

(1833–1888)

Jan. 1876 1 February 1876 1 May 1876 90 days Liberal Santiago González [56]
– Doctor

Rafael Zaldívar (1834–1903) Provisional President

— 1 May 1876 1 February 1880 3 years, 276 days colspan="2" rowspan="9" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [57]
41 Doctor

Rafael Zaldívar (1834–1903)

Jun. 1876 1 February 1880 6 April 1884 4 years, 65 days Liberal [57]
– Ángel Guirola

(1826–1910) Acting President

— 6 April 1884 21 August 1884 4 years, 202 days Independent [58]
42 Doctor

Rafael Zaldívar (1834–1903)

— 21 August 1884 14 May 1885 266 days Liberal [57]
– General

Fernando Figueroa (1849–1919)

— 14 May 1885 18 June 1885 35 days Liberal/Military [59]
– José Rosales Herrador

(1827–1891) Provisional President

— 18 June 1885 22 June 1885 4 days Independent [60]
– General

Francisco Menéndez (1830–1890) Provisional President

— 22 June 1885 1 March 1887 1 year, 252 days Liberal/Military [61]
43 General

Francisco Menéndez (1830–1890)

1887 1 March 1887 22 June 1890 3 years, 113 days Liberal/Military [61]
– General

Carlos Ezeta (1852–1903) Provisional President

— 22 June 1890 1 March 1891 252 days Liberal/Military [62]
44 General

Carlos Ezeta (1852–1903)

1891 1 March 1891 10 June 1894 3 years, 101 days Liberal/Military General

Antonio Ezeta

[62]
– General

Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez (1845–1921) Provisional President

— 10 June 1894 1 March 1895 264 days Liberal/Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [63]
45 General

Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez (1845–1921)

1895 1 March 1895 14 November 1898 3 years, 258 days Liberal/Military Prudencio Alfaro [63]
– General

Tomás Regalado (1861–1906) Provisional President

— 14 November 1898 1 March 1899 107 days Liberal/Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [64]
46 General

Tomás Regalado (1861–1906)

1899 1 March 1899 1 March 1903 4 years, 0 days Liberal/Military Francisco Reyes [64]
47 General

Pedro José Escalón (1847–1923)

1903 1 March 1903 1 March 1907 4 years, 0 days Liberal/Military Calixto Velado Eduardo [65]
48 General

Fernando Figueroa (1849–1919)

1907 1 March 1907 1 March 1911 4 years, 0 days Liberal/Military Manuel Enrique Araujo [59]
49 Doctor

Manuel Enrique Araujo (1865–1913)

1911 1 March 1911 9 February 1913 1 year, 345 days Liberal Onofre Durán Santillana [66]
– Carlos Meléndez

(1861–1919) Provisional President

— 9 February 1913 29 August 1914 1 year, 201 days colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [67]
– Doctor

Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1874–1950) Provisional President

— 29 August 1914 1 March 1915 184 days Liberal [68]
50 Carlos Meléndez

(1861–1919)

1915 1 March 1915 21 December 1918 3 years, 295 days Liberal Alfonso Quiñónez Molina [67]
– Doctor

Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1874–1950) Provisional President

— 21 December 1918 1 March 1919 70 days National Democratic Party| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [68]
51 Jorge Meléndez

(1871–1953)

1919 1 March 1919 1 March 1923 4 years, 0 days National Democratic Party Alfonso Quiñónez Molina [69]
52 Doctor

Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1874–1950)

1923 1 March 1923 1 March 1927 4 years, 0 days National Democratic Party Pío Romero Bosque [68]
53 Doctor

Pío Romero Bosque (1860–1935)

1927 1 March 1927 1 March 1931 4 years, 0 days National Democratic Party
Independent 		Gustavo Vides [70]
54 Arturo Araujo

(1878–1967)

1931 1 March 1931 2 December 1931 276 days Salvadoran Laborist Party General

Maximiliano Hernández Martínez

[71]
– Civic Directory — 2 December 1931 4 December 1931 2 days Military [72]
– General

Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1882–1966) Provisional President

— 4 December 1931 28 August 1934 2 years, 267 days Military
National Pro Patria Party/Military 		[73]
– General

Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1879–1962) Provisional President

— 28 August 1934 1 March 1935 185 days National Pro Patria

Party/Military

Office vacant [74]
55 General

Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1882–1966)

1935

1939 1944

1 March 1935 9 May 1944 9 years, 69 days National Pro Patria

Party/Military

[73]
– General

Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1879–1962) Provisional President

— 9 May 1944 21 October 1944 165 days National Pro Patria

Party/Military

[74]
– Colonel

Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (1889–1977) Provisional President

— 21 October 1944 1 March 1945 131 days Military [75]
56 General

Salvador Castaneda Castro (1888–1965)

1945 1 March 1945 14 December 1948 3 years, 288 days Unification Social Democratic

Party/Military

Manuel Adriano Vilanova [76]
– Revolutionary Council of Government — 14 December 1948 14 September 1950 1 year, 274 days Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [77]
57 Lieutenant Colonel

Óscar Osorio (1910–1969)

1950 14 September 1950 14 September 1956 6 years, 0 days Revolutionary Party of

Democratic Unification/Military

José María Peralta [78]
58 Lieutenant Colonel

José María Lemus (1911–1993)

1956 14 September 1956 26 October 1960 4 years, 42 days Revolutionary Party of

Democratic Unification/Military

Humberto Costa [79]
– Junta of Government — 26 October 1960 25 January 1961 91 days Military| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [80]
– Civic-Military Directory — 25 January 1961 25 January 1962 1 year, 0 days Military [81]
– Doctor

Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea (1899–1966) Provisional President

— 25 January 1962 1 July 1962 157 days Independent [82]
59 Lieutenant Colonel

Julio Adalberto Rivera (1921–1973)

1962 1 July 1962 1 July 1967 5 years, 0 days National Conciliation

Party/Military

Francisco Roberto Lima [83]
60 General

Fidel Sánchez Hernández (1917–2003)

1967 1 July 1967 1 July 1972 5 years, 0 days National Conciliation

Party/Military

Humberto Guillermo Cuestas [84]
61 Colonel

Arturo Armando Molina (1927–2021)

1972 1 July 1972 1 July 1977 5 years, 0 days National Conciliation

Party/Military

Enrique Mayorga Rivas [85]
62 General

Carlos Humberto Romero (1924–2017)

1977 1 July 1977 15 October 1979 2 years, 106 days National Conciliation

Party/Military

Julio Astacio [86]
– Revolutionary Government Junta — 15 October 1979 2 May 1982 2 years, 199 days Military| colspan="2" style="background: #ECECEC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"|Office vacant [87]
63 Doctor

Álvaro Magaña (1925–2001)

1982 2 May 1982 1 June 1984 2 years, 30 days Democratic Action Party Raúl Molina Martínez [88]
Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro
Pablo Mauricio Alvergue
64 José Napoleón Duarte

(1925–1990)

1984 1 June 1984 1 June 1989 5 years, 0 days Christian Democratic Party Rodolfo Castillo [89]
65 Alfredo Cristiani

(born 1947)

1989 1 June 1989 1 June 1994 5 years, 0 days Nationalist Republican

Alliance

José Francisco Merino [90]
66 Doctor

Armando Calderón Sol (1948–2017)

1994 1 June 1994 1 June 1999 5 years, 0 days Nationalist Republican

Alliance

Enrique Borgo Bustamante [91]
67 Francisco Flores Pérez

(1959–2016)

1999 1 June 1999 1 June 2004 5 years, 0 days Nationalist Republican

Alliance

Carlos Quintanilla Schmidt [92]
68 Antonio Saca

(born 1965)

2004 1 June 2004 1 June 2009 5 years, 0 days Nationalist Republican

Alliance

Ana Vilma de Escobar [93]
69 Mauricio Funes

(1959–2025)

2009 1 June 2009 1 June 2014 5 years, 0 days Farabundo Martí National

Liberation Front

Salvador Sánchez Cerén
70 Salvador Sánchez Cerén

(born 1944)

2014 1 June 2014 1 June 2019 5 years, 0 days Farabundo Martí National

Liberation Front

Óscar Ortiz
71 Nayib Bukele

(born 1981)

2019

2024

1 June 2019 Incumbent 6 years, 116 days Grand Alliance for

National Unity

Nuevas Ideas 		Félix Ulloa
– Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara

(born 1980/1981) Acting President

— 1 December 2023 1 June 2024 183 days Nuevas Ideas

References

  1. ↑ Organization of American States.
  2. ↑ Graham 2025.
  3. ↑ Martinez 2017.
  4. ↑ "Nayib Bukele - BBC News". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2025-09-07.
  5. ↑ "Nayib Bukele". AP News. Retrieved 2025-09-07.
  6. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 5.
  7. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 9.
  8. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 15.
  9. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 17.
  10. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 19.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 21.
  12. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 23.
  13. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 25.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 27.
  15. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 29.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 47.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 31.
  18. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 21–22.
  19. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 33.
  20. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 35.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 37.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 49.
  23. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 39.
  24. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 41.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 43.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 45.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 55.
  28. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 51–53.
  29. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 57.
  30. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 59.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 59–60.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 71.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 63.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 67–68.
  35. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 65.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 77.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 73.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 111.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 79.
  40. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 83.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 93.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 87.
  43. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 91.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 123–130.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 97.
  46. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 95.
  47. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 101.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 103–104.
  49. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 123.
  50. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 107.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 109.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 113–115.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 121.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 131–132.
  55. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 135.
  56. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 137.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 139.
  58. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 143.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 165.
  60. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 145.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 147–148.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 151.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 155.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 157.
  65. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 161.
  66. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 169.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 171.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 179.
  69. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 175.
  70. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 183.
  71. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 187.
  72. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 189.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 191.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 199.
  75. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 203.
  76. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 207.
  77. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 211.
  78. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 213.
  79. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 217.
  80. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 223.
  81. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 225.
  82. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 227.
  83. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 229.
  84. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 235.
  85. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 241.
  86. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 249.
  87. ↑ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 253–280.
  88. ↑ "Presidentes de El Salvador – Dr. Alvaro Magaña Borja" [Presidents of El Salvador – Dr. Alvaro Magaña Borja]. Casa Presidencial (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  89. ↑ "Presidentes de El Salvador – José Napoleón Duarte" [Presidents of El Salvador – José Napoleón Duarte]. Casa Presidencial (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  90. ↑ "Presidentes de El Salvador – Alfredo Felix Cristiani" [Presidents of El Salvador – Alfredo Felix Cristiani]. Casa Presidencial (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  91. ↑ "Presidentes de El Salvador – Dr. Armando Calderon Sol" [Presidents of El Salvador – Dr. Armando Calderon Sol]. Casa Presidencial (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  92. ↑ "Presidentes de El Salvador – Licenciado Francisco Flores" [Presidents of El Salvador – Licentiate Francisco Flores]. Casa Presidencial (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  93. ↑ "Presidentes de El Salvador – Elías Antonio Saca" [Presidents of El Salvador – Elías Antonio Saca]. Casa Presidencial (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2021.


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