Unemployment in China

Unemployment is a big problem in the People's Republic of China. Demographic factors affect unemployment, such as age and sex. The position of women in the labor market has been deteriorating, with a decline in labor force participation rate, increased work intensity and a widening gender pay gap.[1] This makes the problem complicated. [2]

The influence of foreign investment has greatly increased since the Chinese economic reform was implemented in the early 1980s. Since 1986, and especially since 1997, the central government's policy has focused on helping registered urban unemployed and "laid-off workers" through unemployment insurance, reemployment service centers, and employment services such as training and employment assistance. These efforts were intended to control layoffs in state-owned enterprises and create jobs by stimulating economic growth.

Causes

The meaning of "people unemployed in China"

The definitions of employment and unemployment align with the standards set by the 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians of the International Labour Organization.[5] According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS Website), the unemployment data is compiled based on the Monthly Labor Force Survey, which covers mainland China.

The unemployment rate formula is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the total labor force, which includes only the employed and unemployed populations, excluding the non-labor force population (such as retirees or students not seeking employment).

Rural labor migration

The unemployment rates of every country throughout the world are strongly correlated with gross domestic product and rural and urban labor.[6] According to a 2017 economic study, official government statistics show that unemployment is unusually low relative to gross domestic product and suspiciously stable.[7] China's labor market was highly regulated and dominated by state-owned enterprises, with an average unemployment rate of 3.7 per cent between 1988 and 1995, but this rose sharply after numerous lay-offs between 1995 and 2002, reaching an average unemployment rate of 9.5 per cent between 2002 and 2009.[7] These changes had the greatest impact on non-technical workers from rural area, particularly less educated women and younger workers. [7] As of 2018, the total number of registered migrant workers stands at around 288.4 million.[8][9]

Youth unemployment

Publishing the unemployment rate of the labor force aged 16-24, excluding students, helps to more accurately monitor the situation of young people who really need work. [10] [11] [12] [13]

China deliberately covered up negative information. After announcing in August 2023 that it would stop publishing the youth unemployment rate, China’s National Bureau of Statistics began publishing it again on January 17, 2024. However, the number was significantly lower, using a different statistical standard. [14][15] [16] [17]

Since 2018, China's youth unemployment rate has risen sharply, reaching a peak of 20.8% in May 2022. Since the beginning of 2022, the youth unemployment rate has been rising due to the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the real estate recession, which exacerbated the already existing structural problems in the labor market. On August 15, 2023, the National Bureau of Statistics of China announced that it would stop publishing the youth unemployment rate.

References

  1. ↑ "Unemployment in China: Economy, Human Resources and Labour Markets, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  2. ↑ 李超/孙欧 (2018-04-20). "实现5.5%失业率目标有压力吗? 九个问题全面解析调查失业率". 网易. Archived from the original on 2024-04-29. Retrieved 2024-04-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ↑ Dix-Carneiro, Rafael; Pessoa, João Paulo; Reyes-Heroles, Ricardo; Traiberman, Sharon (May 2023). "Globalization, Trade Imbalances, and Labor Market Adjustment". The Quarterly Journal of Economics.
  4. ↑ Jiang, Hong; Ge, Yingfan; Yang, Chunhao; Yu, Hongxin (2024-03-05). "How automated machines influence employment in manufacturing enterprises?". PLOS ONE. 19 (3): e0299194. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299194. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10914295. PMID 38442127.
  5. ↑ "Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board". dsbb.imf.org. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  6. ↑ Feng, Shuaizhang; Hu, Yingyao; Moffitt, Robert (2017-05-01). "Long run trends in unemployment and labor force participation in urban China". Journal of Comparative Economics. 45 (2): 304–324. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2017.02.004. ISSN 0147-5967.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Feng, Shuaizhang; Hu, Yingyao; Moffitt, Robert (May 2017). "Long run trends in unemployment and labor force participation in urban China". Journal of Comparative Economics. 45 (2): 304–324. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2017.02.004 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  8. ↑ cycles, This text provides general information Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct Due to varying update; Text, Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Employment in China". Statista. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  9. ↑ "China Labor Market - Changes and Trends". HROne. 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  10. ↑ Tan, Clement (2023-05-29). "China's youth unemployment hits a record high, deepening its economic scars". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2024-06-08. Retrieved 2024-04-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ↑ "中国官方暂停发布青年分年龄段失业率数据 | 联合早报". www.zaobao.com.sg (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2023-08-15. Retrieved 2024-04-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ↑ "青年失业率恢复发布，有何变化？ _中国经济网——国家经济门户". views.ce.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-04-09. Retrieved 2024-04-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ↑ "国家统计局信息公开". www.stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2024-03-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ↑ Xie, Lingling Wei and Stella Yifan. "China's 40-Year Boom Is Over. What Comes Next?". WSJ. Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2024-04-09. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ↑ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Mattu, Ravi; Warner, Bernhard; Kessler, Sarah; Hirsch, Lauren; Livni, Ephrat (2023-08-15). "What China Isn't Telling the World About Its Economy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-03-18. Retrieved 2024-04-09. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ↑ "China Says Youth Jobless Rate Excluding Students Was 14.9%". Bloomberg.com. 2024-01-17. Archived from the original on 2024-05-11. Retrieved 2024-04-09. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ↑ Fu, Claire (2024-01-18). "中国重新发布青年失业率，改变统计方式后数字下降". 纽约时报中文网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2024-04-28. Retrieved 2024-07-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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