Antisemitism in Europe

Antisemitism, also known as Judeophobia, has a long history in Europe. The worst instance of antisemitism in European history is the Holocaust. Those who hold antisemitic views are called antisemites.

Overview

20th Century

Main articles: Pogrom, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and Nazism

21st century

Further information: Holocaust denial, Holocaust trivialization, Calls for the destruction of Israel, and Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century

In a 2013 research of 5,847 Jews in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about moving countries as they felt unsafe.[1] A 2023 ADL research found that as many as one-third of Western Europeans believed in stereotypes of Jews. This was reportedly worse in some eastern European countries, particularly Hungary (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).[2] In Eastern Europe, the level of antisemitism is found to be high.[3] The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.[4][5] A 2024 ADL research found that 46% of world adult population elevated levels of antisemitic attitudes.[6] Notably, 82% of Greece's population believed that "Jews have too much power in the business world,"[7] while 40% of Belgium's population believed that "Jews have too much control over media and global affairs" and 61% believed that "Jews are only loyal to Israel."[7]

Antisemitism in Europe (Polling agency: ADL)[8]
Country % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[8]
Greece 69 69
 
Armenia 58 58
 
Poland 45 45
 
Bulgaria 44 44
 
Serbia 42 42
 
Hungary 41 41
 
Belarus 38 38
 
France 37 37
 
Azerbaijan 37 37
 
Lithuania 36 36
 
Romania 35 35
 
Croatia 33 33
 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 32 32
 
Georgia 32 32
 
Russia 30 30
 
Moldova 30 30
 
Spain 29 29
 
Montenegro 29 29
 
Latvia 28 28
 
Austria 28 28
 
Slovenia 27 27
 
Belgium 27 27
 
Germany 27 27
 
Switzerland 26 26
 
Estonia 22 22
 
Portugal 21 21
 
Ireland 20 20
 
Italy 20 20
 
Iceland 16 16
 
Norway 15 15
 
Finland 15 15
 
Czech Republic 13 13
 
Denmark 9 9
 
United Kingdom 8 8
 
Netherlands 5 5
 
Sweden 4 4
 

Croatia

20th century

Main article: Independent State of Croatia

21st century

Poland

Main article: Racism in Poland § Jews
Further information: Jedwabne pogrom (1941); Kraków pogrom; Szczuczyn pogrom; Antisemitic violence in Bielsk County, Poland (1941); and Polish Memory Law

Portugal

Main article: Lisbon massacre

Romania

Main articles: History of Jews in Romania, Iași pogrom, and Odessa massacre (1941)
Further information: Massacres of Jews during the Russo-Turkish Wars and Iron Guard

Slovakia

Main article: Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

Slovenia

Main article: Leon Rupnik

Armenia

References

  1. ↑ "Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  2. ↑ "ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe". Anti-Defamation League. May 31, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ "46% of Adults Worldwide Hold Significant Antisemitic Beliefs, ADL Poll Finds". adl.org. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Antisemitic attitudes have doubled over a decade, survey finds". Euronews. January 15, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025. In some EU countries, as many as four-fifths of the population believe in tropes such as Jews controlling the media, the Anti-Defamation League said.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "ADL Global 100". Anti-Defamation League. 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
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