Koli clans and titles

The Koli is a Indian caste mostly found in the Indian states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Here are the information about Koli clans (Gotra) and titles (Upadhi):

Before the Independence of India, in Gujarat, the Bhil women were Concubines for the Koli landlords.[1][2]

Clans (Gotra)

Vala Kolis

The Vala, or Wala is a Koli clan (Gotra) found in the state of Gujarat in India. They claim to be the earliest Koli settlers in Saurashtra, and are descendants of Dhan Mer who was son of Koli chieftain Sonang Mer, who defeated the ruler of the Vala kingdom (Valabhi) of Gujarat.[3][4][5]

Sord Kolis

The Sord dynasty was a ruling dynasty of Koli caste in Gujarat who ruled over Idar state for two generations.[6] This dynasty was founded by the Thakor Hathi Sord, who belonged to the Koli caste.[7][8] Hathi Sord was a vassal in the Eder state, but Amarsingh Parmar, the ruler of the Eder state, was killed in a battle after which Hathi Sord took over as the ruler of the Eder state. Maharaja Hathi Sord ruled peacefully till his death, and after his death his only son, Prince Samwaliya Sord, took the throne of Idar.[9] Maharaja Sanvalia Sord appointed a Nagar Brahmin as the commander of the army of the state of Idar but Commander was jealous of the maharaja, Due to which the commander became with the Rathore Rajputs.[10] The Senapati incited the Rathore Rajputs to attack the Maharaja but the Rajputs did not dare, after which the Senapati made a plan. According to the plan, the commander called Maharaja Sord for his daughter's wedding party and hid the Rajputs in the houses of neighbors. The Maharaja Sord was enjoying the feast with some of his ministers, when the Brahmin commander also gave him a banquet of liquor, due to which Maharaja Sord and his ministers and some special soldiers got drunk. The commander was waiting for this, the commander pointed to the Rathore Rajputs hiding in the neighboring houses and attacked the minister and soldiers including Maharaja Sord. It was the year 1300 and the Sord Dynasty of Idar came to an end this year.[11] Rathore Rajputs captured the idar from Kolis but later rathores was drove out by Rao Rajputs.[12]

Valakiya Koli

The Valakiya[13] (also spelled as Valakia,[14] Valankiya[15] and Valakya) is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste mostly found in the Indian state of Gujarat and Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[16] Valakiya Kolis were pirates by profession and ruled over Valak village of Surat.[17] The Valakiya Kolis got their name from the Valak village in Kamrej tehsil of Surat district in Gujarat. They ruled over Valak village and were noted pirates by profession.[18]

Bhalia Kolis

Bhalia[19] also spelled as Bhaliya[20] is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste mostly found in the Indian state of Gujarat and Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[21] In the census of 1931 in Baroda State, the population of Bhalia Kolis was 27,437 alongwith Ghedia Kolis.[22] The Bhaliya clan is considered as superior clan among Kolis because they ruled over Bhal region of Gujarat.[23] The Bhalia Kolis got their name from their homeland Bhal region of Gujarat which was ruled by them and was stronghold for their Koli piracy.[24]

Popere Kolis

The Popere, or Popera is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[25] The ruling Koli dynasty of Jawhar State belong to the Popere clan of Mahadev Kolis of Konkan who established the rule over Jawhar in 1346 by Koli chief Jayaba Popere.[26] They are Agriculturist and noted for the militant spirit.[27]

Bokad Kolis

The Bokad is a clan (Gotra) of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[28] They served in the Maratha Empire and in 1769 - 70, Bokad Kolis received the grants of Jagir from Peshwa Madhavrao i.[28][29] later, they served in British Indian Empire at good positions such as Faujdar.[30]

Thorat Koli

The Thorat Koli[31] (Marathi: थोरात) is a clan (Gotra) of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra and Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[32] The Thorat Kolis ruled over Dadra and Nagar Haveli till 1262.[33] but in 1262, Koli king Nag Thorat was defeated by Ramsing who was a Rajput from Rajasthan.[34] later, Thorat Kolis lived by plundering.[35]

Pichad Kolis

The Pichad is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[36] Pichad Kolis served in Maratha Empire as Subedar, Mansabdar and Nayak but in 1776 - 77, they revolted against Peshwa government because of their deposition from posts but later Pichad kolis enlisted to their posts.[37] After establishment of British rule in Maharashtra, Pichad Kolis took up arms against British authorities under their Koli chief Balaji Pichad.[38]

Solanki Kolis

The Solanki Koli (also spelled as Saulanki Koli) is a clan (Gotra) of Koli caste mostly found in the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[39][40] The Solanki Kolis of Gujarat ruled over petty Princely states in Chunval region (now Becharaji) of Gujarat named as Bhankoda, Kukvav, Chaniar and Dekavada jagirs.[41]

Babria (Bavalia) Kolis

The Babria, or Bavlia and Bavalia is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat and Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[42][43] Babria Kolis mostly found in the Babariawad region of Gujarat.[44] the region of Babariawad of Gujarat got his name because of Babria Kolis.[45] They mostly lived by plundering and Their plundering was called as Dhang.[46]

Dabhi Kolis

The Dabhi[47] (Gujarati: ડાભી, Hindi: डाभी) is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat and Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India.[48] The Kolis of the Dabhi clan ruled over Ghorasar state during British rule in India.[49][50]

Makwana Kolis

The Makwana Koli[51] also spelled as Makawana Koli, Makvana Koli,[52] Makavana Koli, Mukwana Koli and Mukawana Koli is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste mostly found in the Indian state of Gujarat and Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[53] In 1931 census of Baroda State, there were 20,700 Kolis of Makwana clan in the Baroda state's territory.[54] Makwana Kolis mostly belong to the Hindu faith but there are members of the community who converted to Islam during the reign of the invading Mughal power in Gujarat.[55] Makwana Kolis are landholders and agriculturist by profession.[56] Here are list of Princely States ruled by Makwana Kolis, Katosan State,[57] Gabat State,[58] Punadra State,[59] Hadol State[60] and Khadal State. Muslim Koli, The Muslim Makwana, or Musalman Makwana (also spelled as Makawana, Makvana, and Makavana) is a Muslim Koli[61] caste in Gujarat who were converted to Islam from Hinduism during Mughal rule in Gujarat.[62] Muslim Makwana Kolis are descendants of the Hindu Makwana Kolis of Chunval region who was converted to Islam and his descendants knows as Muslim Makwana Kolis in Gujarat.[63] They were converted to Islam by Sultan Mahmud Begada during his reign.[64] The Muslim Makwana Kolis follows the bath rituals of Islam and Hinduism like other hindus.[65]

Satav Kolis

The Satav, or Sataw is a clan of Malhar Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[66] The Satav clan of Kolis was hereditary priest and responsible for Mahalaxmi temple of Dahanu and considered the Mahalakshmi as their clan deity.[67] Satav Kolis also served as the royal priest to the rulers of Jawhar State.[68]

Sonwane Kolis

The Sonavane, or Sonawane (also spelled as Sonvane and Sonwane) is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[69]

Shelkande Kolis

The Shilkande, or Shelkande and Shilkunda is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of the Maharashtra and neighbouring Territories.[70] The Shilkunda Kolis revolted against Peshwa (Prime minister of Maratha Empire) because of their land rights and cutoff the head of Patil of Chovisi.[71]

Satpute Kolis

The Satpute, or Sutpute is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[72] The Kolis of Satpute clan revolted against British rule in Maharashtra under their Koli chief Sakharam Satpute and captured the British offices and plundered the British controlled Territories in Konkan.[73][74]

Charavadia Kolis

The Charavadia, or Charvadia and Charawadia (also spelled as Charavadiya,[75] Charawadiya, Charwadia and Charvadiya) is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat.[28] The Charavadia Kolis originated from Bokadthamba village and in 2019, Their population was 700 only and the Bokadthamba village is inhebited by only Charavadia clan of Kolis.[75] Around 1500 A. D., The ruler of Wankaner State gave the Bokadthamba village to four Chunvalia Koli brothers and now Charavadias are descendants of those Koli brothers.[76][77]

Kokate Kolis

The Kokate, or Kokata[78] is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[79] in 1776, Kokata Kolis revolted against Peshwa government in Maratha Empire.[28] The Kokote Kolis served in Maratha Empire as Subedar and Faujdar. The Koli subedar burnt down the rebellion of Gavlis against Peshwa.

Kirave Kolis

The Kirave, or Kirve is a clan (Gotra) of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra and neighbouring areas.[80] in 1829, The Kolis of Kirwe clan revolted against British rule in Deccan.[81]

Kengale Kolis

The Kengale, or Kangle (Hindi: केंगले कोली) is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste found in the Maharashtra state of India.[82] The Kolis of Kengle clan revolted against British rule and Sahukars, or Moneylenders in Deccan in 1872 to 1876 under their chief.[83]

Bhangare Kolis

The Bhangare, or Bhangre is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[84] Bhangare Kolis were granted the villages from Peshwa and served as Patil and Deshmukh.[85] in 1761 for Maratha Empire, Bhangare Kolis along with Pattikar Kolis captured the Trimbak fort from Nizam of Hyderabad state.[86]

Maliwad Kolis

The Maliwad,[87] or Malivad is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat.[88] During the Rebellion of 1857, The Maliwad Kolis of Khanpur in Lunawara State revolted against Rana of Lunawada under their Koli chieftain Suralmal of Khanpur. Because of Koli rebellion, Rana sought help from British government and British troops under Major Buckle attacked at Maliwad Koli rebels and suppressed the rebellions.[89] In 1870, The Maliwad Kolis again raised and breakdown the peace in the state and British controlled Territories.[90]

Mer Kolis

The Mer, or Mair[91] is a Clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste in the Indian state of Gujarat and Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[92][93] During the reign of Koli chieftain Dhan Mer of Dhandhuka, Mer Kolis were more powerful.[94] Mer Kolis of Dhandhuka defeated the Rajputs of Vallabhipur to restore the peace to the Brahmins of Vallabhipur.[95]

Khade Kolis

The Khade, or Khare is a clan of the Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra, India.[96] Khade Kolis served in Maratha Empire as Subedar and in 1761, Khade Kolis along with Bhangare and Pattikar Kolis captured the Trimbak fort from Nizam of Hyderabad State and annexed in Maratha Empire.[97] But in 1776 - 77, Khade Kolis revolted against Peshwa government and captured several of forts from Peshwa under their Koli leader Javji Bamble.[37] Khade Kolis were jahagirdars until the Jahagirs were recently abolished after Independence.[97] They also were Inamdars and Naiks during Maratha Empire.[98] The Khade Kolis revolted against British rule and Sahukar cheaters under their chief Haibati Khade and plundered the British controlled territory and Moneylenders.[99]

Bambale Kolis

The Bambale, or Bamble[28] is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[100] Bambale Kolis served in Maratha Empire and were received the grants of the Jagirs by Peshwa Madhavrao I in 1769 - 70.[101] Bambale Kolis served at good positions Such as Patil, Mansabdar[102] and Nayak[28] in Maratha Empire.[103]

Chauhan Kolis

The Chauhan[104] also spelled as Chouhan and Chohan is a clan of the Talpada and Patel Kolis of the Gujarat and Rajasthan states in India.[105][106] The indian historian L. S. Vishwanath states that before the Independence of India, Kolis of Chauhan clan made the marital relations with poor Rajputs because poor Rajputs were not able to pay heavy burden of Dowry to marry their daughters so they married with elite Koli families of Chauhan, Rathod and Solanki clans and then Kolis claimed to be Kshatriya called as Nava Kshatriya.[107] The Chauhan kolis ruled over petty princely states of Katosan and Likhi in Mahi Kantha Agency.[108]

Khasia Kolis

The Khasia,[109] or Khasiya[28] is a clan of the Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat.[110] The Mahuva was the stronghold or controlled by Khasia Kolis but they were defeated by the Thakur Wakhatsinhji of Bhavnagar State and their controlled Territories of Mahuva, Kundla, Rajula, Gadhada and Botad.[111] Khasiya Kolis were pirates in Gujarat ocean and lived by piracy.[28] The Khasia Kolis of Gujarat got their name from Khas village in Ranpur region of Ahmedabad district.[112] The Khasia Kolis around Mahuva in Gohilwad district, had marital relations with Gohils.[113] Juna Padar and Shevdivadar were ruled by Kolis of Khasia clan[114]

Pattikar Kolis

The Pattikar, or Patekar, Pattekar and Patikar is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra and neighbouring Territories.[115] In 1761, The Pattikar Kolis with the help of Bhangare and Khade Kolis captured the fort of Trimbak from Nizam of Hyderabad state and gave it to Peshwa (Prime minister) of Maratha Empire.[97] They were led by Kheroji Pattikar who was serving in Maratha Empire and was rewarded with grants of villages and a large sum of money.[37]

Chivhe Kolis

The Chivhe, or Chive[116] is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Chivhe Kolis were Naiks of Purandar fort served in Maratha Empire of Shivaji.[117] Chivhe Kolis were soldiers, cultivators and Vatandar in Maratha Empire and also in Bidar Sultanate and received the title of Sarnaik from Bidar Badshah.[118] The Chivhe Kolis of Purandar revolted against the Peshwa government because of the appointing of new Sarnaik named Abhaji Purandare who was a Brahmin by caste. Chivhe Kolis were not in favour of Abhaji Purandare because they were Vatandar and Purandare was controlling their rights on land. Thereupon, Abhaji Purandare dismissed all of them and appointed fresh fortkeepers. After that 400 Chivhe Kolis entered and captured the fort by killing officers and took control of garrison. a duty imposed on the surrounding villages. they brought out their weapons and proceeded to seize control of the fort on 7 May 1764. Five days later they took the fort of Rudramal. Interestingly, they appointed a Brahman, Visaji Kesava to superintend affairs within the fort. They also began to appropriate the state and private property in the fort for safe-keeping. Peshwa Raghunathrao had went to fort to worship the temple but there peshwa was captured by them. Finally, the garrison despatched horsemen and began to collect tribute from adjoining regions. Reproved for this, Kondaji Naik Chivhe wrote to the Peshwa: ‘Then how is the master’s fort to be safeguarded by us on empty stomachs?’; and demanded a years’ pay and pro visions. The infuriated Raghunathrao despatched Maratha troops to punish the insurgents Kolis but Maratha army was unable to enter the fortresses controlled by Chivhe Kolis. Peshwa began seizing the families of the insurgents (Chivhe Kolis), beating and maltreating the women and children, and burning villages.The insurgents were quite aware of the tensions between Raghunathrao and his nephew, and sent a delegation with protestations of loyalty to the camp of Madhavrao, then on the Mysore frontier. Raghunathrao’s attempts for repression also failed to the insurgents, who had ‘taken the tiger- hunters’ oath’, and he now decided to win over the garrison to his side by reinstating them.[119]

Mewasi Kolis

The Mewasi, or Mevasi,[120] Mehwasi[121] is a Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste found in Indian state of Gujarat. The Koli chieftains of villages populated by Kolis were titled as Mewasi because of their rebellious activities against Maratha and Mughal rulers.[122] In that days, Mewasi word was used to describe the unruly, turbulent and violent person but during British Raj, Mewasi was used for Koli chieftains in rebellions against British rule as a hero.[123] Koli Mewasis liked the independent rule of self so they always fought against their Rajas, Maharajas and other rulers. Koli Mewasis often plundered the villages to collect the revenue.[124] In the fifteenth century , the early Sultans of Ahmedabad attempted to subjugate the Koli Mehwasis; but they were met with such a sturdy resistance from those chiefs, who were naturally helped by the wild nature of their Koli chiefs.[125] Firozkhan II ruled at Palanpur from 1707-1719, during which period he attacked and took Tharad which was ruled by Koli chieftain, subdued the Koli Mewasis of Sur Bhakhri, Kidotar and Dabhela and extended his territory.[126] The Rewakantha settlements were made during the regime of Sayajirao. these areas were constantly disturbed by the depredations of the Koli Mehwasis, and the maintenance of law and order in these areas became a challenge for Baroda government.[127] Here are some prominent subclans of Koli Mewasis: Baria[128] The villages which were ruled or controlled by rebellious Koli chieftains and inhabited by turbulent Kolis were called Mewasi Villages by Mughal rulers.[129] The Barmuvada, Chhapra, Khumarwad were most notable Mewasi villages and their Koli chieftains were recieving Giras dues from Radhvanaj rulers.[130] The British government always faced the trouble in Mehwasi areas and used the troops to collect the annual revenue.[131]

Baria Kolis

The Baria Koli,[132] or Baraiya,[133] Bareeya[75] and Bariya[28] is a clan of the Koli caste found in the Indian State of Gujarat[134] and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[135] the Devgad Baria was their Stronghold or given their name to Baria State in Gujarat.[136] according to the historian Y.V.S Nath, the ruling royal family of Baria State is original Koli by caste but later they claimed to be of Rajput origin to be in high status among other Princely States.[137] According to the census records of 1931, there were 1,03,769 Hindu Baria Kolis and 5 Baria Kolis were converted to Jain religion in the Baroda State of Gaekwars.[138] The Baria Kolis got their name from the Devgadh Baria of Gujarat and it was their Stronghold as well as they were lawless and turbulent people.[139] Historically, the Baria Kolis were well known pirates of Gujarat and the Piram island of Gujarat was stronghold of Baria Koli pirates but later they were defeated by Mokhadaji Gohil in 1325.[140] Rawal Bhavsinhji of Bhavnagar died in 1764, leaving behind him five sons, and the eldest of and these, Akherajji I, succeeded as Ruler of the State. At this juncture the fort of Talaja was in the hands of Baria Koli pirates, a ment lawless band of pirates who infested the western littoral from Cambay to the Indus. Their unjust exactions pressed so heavily upon merchants in that locality that the large trade previously carried on was almost entirely ruined, even British ships falling ment then sent troops, which were assisted by Rawal Akherajji and his army, and it was their combined forces which captured the stronghold of Talaja and defeated the Baria clan of Koli pirates.[141] During the British Raj in Gujarat, The Baria Kolis were holders of Vanta lands (private estates).[142] the Bariya Kolis were formerly known as Bandits because of their anti-social activities but later settled as agriculturist in villages.[28] Around 1950, Kolis of Baria clan joined the Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha which was started by Koli elite Natwarsinh Solanki for upliftment of Koli society.[143] after joining the Sabha, Baria Kolis were not in conflicts against Rajputs but Kolis of Saurashtra didn't joined the Sabha because they think that Patidar is not our enemy and we don't need Rajputs to be called as Kshatriya.[75]

Shial Kolis

The Shial, or Shiyal is a clan of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat. They were noted pirates of Gujarat.[144] Shial Kolis defeated and captured the Shial island from Portuguese India and make it their stronghold along with Chanch but later they were defeated by Nawab of Janjira and Jafrabad.[145] during the World War I, they were enlisted as soldiers in British Indian Army by British Indian government.[146] The Shial Kolis got their name from the Shial island situated at south coast of Kathiawar.[28]

Titles (Upadhi)

Koli Khedut

The Khedut,[147] or Khedoot is a term or title used for the Koli[148] caste of Gujarat who were traditional farmer and peasants or landlords Kolis of Gujarat.[149][150] During the British Raj in India, The Koli Kheduts of Navanagar State were worstly affected by the high rates of interest by moneylenders of Navanagar Riyasat for the loan given by them to Koli Kheduts for agriculture.[151] The Khedut Kolis was represented and uplifted by their Gujarat Koli Khedut Samaj organisation till 1967 along with other castes such as Rajputs, landowning Bhils and poor Patidars in minor numbers but in 1969 Indira Gandhi of Indian National Congress party Introduced the KHAM theory as vaste politics for Koli, Harijan, Adivasi and Muslims with a Koli leader Madhavsinh Solanki and mobilized the Other Backward Class Kolis to form the government in Gujarat.[152] The meaning of the Khedut is peasant of farmer which is called as Kisaan in hindi language.[153][154]

Koli Darbar

The Darbar, Durbar or Darbar Sahib is a honorific title of Koli caste in the Indian state of Gujarat.[28] During the reign of Maratha Empire and British Indian Empire, Koli Darbars were petty rulers of several villages and jagirs and known as Pallavi Darbar Sahib and Koli Thakor for their landholdings.[155] The Kolis who were enjoying the power called Koli Darbar often use Sang, Singh and Sinh as their middle name.[156] according to the Harald Tambs-Lyche, the Kolis who respected as Darbar Sahib were not agriculturist like other Khedut Kolis (Farmer Kolis) of Gujarat and generally follow the Kshatriya ways of Koli society.[157] The Koli Darbars of north Gujarat made several vast gathering under their Koli society organisations to uplift their society and educational interests.[158]

Koli Maratha

The Maratha Koli[159] is a Koli caste in Maharashtra who fought for Maratha Confederacy during the Maratha ruler Shivaji and for their bravery, Shivaji recognised them as Maratha.[160] according to the District Gazetteer of Thane from 1882, The elite or respectable Koli families were called as Maratha Koli in Maharashtra.[161][162]

Koli Bandkari

The Bandkari, or Bundkari is a title conferred to the Koli chief of dacoits or revolutionaries of Maharashtra till 1960.[163][164] if a person pleasure the Koli heros call them as Bandkari but when want to degrade calls them Daku.[165]

Origin

The meaning of Bandkari is revolutionary or leader of revolt. The Band, or Bund means revolt (rebellion) and Kari means leader or a person of position.[166][167]

According to a 19th century Marathi-English dictionary, Band meant either insurrection, sedition, or an insurgent, a rebel. A 'Bandkhorvala' or 'Bandkari' was a rebellious person. Until the 19th century, the title appears to have been associated exclusively with revolts against the state or other ruling powers. Revolts by Mahadev Kolis were all described as Bands. Regions which were outside the control of the Maratha state were known as 'Bandi Mulk'. During the course of the nineteenth century, the title evolved, being associated increasingly with the activities of peasants rebelling against social oppression. Today, the people of the mountain regions describe the Koli outlaws as Bandkaris. This is not a word that appears in the nineteenth-century records. The title is applied now not so much to a rebel against the state, but to a person who has put himself outside the law to fight the social oppressors of his caste. He thus enjoys the support of the caste as a whole. In this, the Bandkari is distinguished today from the Daku, or dacoit, who is seen as being involved in illegal activities primarily for his own gain, and who does not enjoy popular support. In English. we may say that the contrast, as it now exists, is between the social bandit, as defined by Eric Hobsbawm, and the mere 'robber' or 'thief who belongs to a professional underworld. When outsiders wish to denigrate the heroes of the Kolis, they call them Dakus. In this section of the essay, I shall examine the tradition of the Band in the pre colonial and early colonial periods, seeing how it had begun to change by 1830, and then go on in the following section to see how this tradition fed into the revolt of Raghu Bhangare.[166]

Diffrence between Bandkari and Dacoit

The Bandkari is thus different from the dacoits of the professional underworld. Intrinsic to the varying significance is a complex interplay of power, benefit and dissent with agenda and alliances of convenience.

  • Dacoits looted the people for their livelihood but a Bandkari looted only rich or bad people.
  • Dacoits collected the looted goods for self but a Bandkari distribute the looted goods in needed or poor people.
  • Dacoits generally attacked the people but a Bandkari plundered the rich or high profile person in response to punish him.

Koli Dharala

The Dharala,[168] or Dhurala is a title used by Koli caste of Gujarat, Dadar and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu who were professional soldiers and were experts in sword fighting.[28] during the British Raj in India, the 80% of the total population of of Kolis in Kheda district were Dharala.[28] the Koli Dharalas plundered the British trading ships because they were turbulent and considered as bad tribe.[169] the Koli Dharalas also served in British Indian Army as trackers and village guard and were occasionally used as soldiers in wartime by British government in return of sum.[170]

The most of the Koli Dharalas were from Patanvadia,[171] Talapada subcaste of Kolis eho were prosperous and respected in society and ruled over petty Princely States during British regime.[172]

Dharala Vero

The Dharala Vero was a type of tax collected by Kolis of Gujarat to allowed the other caste people to live in their villages.[173] in 1920, the Mahatma Gandhi tried to reform the Koli Dharalas to get ride of Anti social activities such as gang Robberies and tax collection from other caste people.[174]

Origin or meaning

The title of Dharala is taken from the Dhar (Sharpness) of a sword's edge. Dharala means experts of sword fighting.[175]

Clans

The most of the Koli Dharalas were belong to the Baria clan of Kolis.[176]

Koli Deshmukh

The Deshmukh is a title used by the Koli caste of Maharashtra. The ruling royal Koli of Surgana State held the title of Deshmukh respectively.[177][178] the title Deshmukh mostly used by Mahadev Kolis who ruled over several Princely States before Independence of India.[179] most of the influenced Koli families conferred the titles of Deshmukh, Patvari and Patel by ruler of their territories.[180]

Koli Patil

The Patil[181] also known as Gaonpatil and Sarpatil[182] is a title used by Koli chiefs of villages in Maharashtra.[183] the Janjira island was built and fortified by Koli chieftain Ram Patil.[184] Koli Patils sometimes called as Gaonpatil which means 'village head' and it is found among both Hindu and Christian Kolis. Patil is hereditary title to the Koli families of Maharashtra.[185] In Koli society, there were several types of Patil[186]

  • Police Patil: Police Patil was a service position in Kolis during British Raj and Maratha rule. Kolis who were serving as in-charge of police knowns as Police Patil.[187]
  • Zemidar Patil: the Kolis who were village headman or landlord were known as Zemidar Patil. They recieved the grants of villages from rulers for their services in Princely states, kingdoms and Sultanates.[188]
  • Samajik Patil: the Koli people who were responsible to maintain order in Koli society and promote their problems were called as Samajik Patil.[189]

Kolis of Maharashtra served in Maratha Empire and a Koli Patil who was naval chief in Maratha Navy named Laya was honoured by Shivaji with the title of Sarpatil and grants of villages for his courageous actions and Siddis of Janjira.[190]

Koli Patel

The Patel[28] is a Surname of the Koli caste of Gujarat in India which have most importance in the Politics of Gujarat and Koli Patels of Saurashtra was most benefited under the rule of Indian National Congress party.[191][192] Koli Patels are recognised as a Other Backward Class caste by Government of Gujarat.[193] Koli Patels are Agriculturist by profession and own the high landholding in villages.[194] Koli Patels also call himself as Mandhata Patel and Mandhata Koli Patel and those who have migrated to East Africa are Businessman and civil servants.[195]

Clans

Some of the well known Clans of Koli Patels are here.[196]

Koli Kotwal

Among members of the Koli caste, Kotwal is a title, derived from the occupation of fort-keepers or protectors of forts and village leader.[197][198] Even when a Koli man retired as a kotwal, he and his descendants would use "Kotwal" as a surname as it signified prestige.[199] Kolis were Kotwal from the times of Mughal rule in Gujarat[200] and were hereditary Kotwal of the royal palaces of Rajkot, Morvi and Bhavnagar Princely states.[201] Kolis of Maharashtra also served as Kotwal in Ahmadnagar Sultanate and controlled the forts.[202]

Koli Girasia

The Girasia, or Garasia,[203] Girasiya and Garasiya is a title used by the Koli chieftains of petty states or Jagirdars who held the villages as Giras granted by rulers.[204] the most of the Chunvalia Kolis held the title of Girasia and they worshipped the Hindu goddess Shakti.[205]

The Koli Garasiya were tributary to the ruler of state who gave the Giras.[206]

Koli Pagi

The Pagi,[207] or Pugee and Paghi[208] is a title used by Koli caste of Gujarat who were guard of village and served as detective for any ruler or chiefs.[209] The Chunvalia Kolis adopted the profession of Pagi in Gujarat.[210] a number of Talapada Kolis also served as Pagi and held the title as hereditary to family.[211] the title of Pagi also considered as inferior to Kotwal title of Kolis because some of Pagis worked as watchman so they was degraded in position.[170]

Clans

The Talapada Kolis who served as Pagi adopted the Solanki clan in Radhvanaj of Gujarat.[212]

Koli Agariya

The Agariya, or Agaria is a title of Chunvalia Kolis who are salt farmers in Kutch district of Gujarat, India.[213] in 2019, Koli Agariyas faces the great loss of salt trade because of the Trade war between China and United States of America.[214]

They produce the 30% of the salt of the total of country.[28][215] they were listed as Criminal Tribe under Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 by British Indian government because of their rebellions against British rule in India.[216]

The Koli Agariyas were landowners of the land of Little Rann of Kutch but in 1978 this area was declared as Wild Ass Sanctuary by Government of Gujarat and their lands were captured by Gujarat government.[217] Koli Agariyas demanding recognition as farmers and an assurance that they have a legal right on Little Rann of Kutch land for salt farming to get the benifit like agriculture farmers such as money package and releif for natural calamities like flood.[218]

Clans

Here are some of the clans used by Agariya title holder Kolis of Kutch,

Classification

The Koli Agarias are classified as Other Backward Class by Government of Gujarat but in past they were notified as Criminal Tribe.[219]

Organisations

  • Agariya Hitrakshak Manch[28]

Koli Behera

The Behera or Dal Behera is a title of Koli caste found in the Indian state of Odisha. Kolis of Odisha who were chief of villages used the Behera as a title.[220][221][222]

Koli Rana

The Kolis of India used the title of Rana and ruled over Princely State of Shevdivadar[223] and Sinhagad fort was ruled by Koli Rana Nag Nayak who challenged the Delhi sultanate's Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq.[224][225]

Koli Mansabdar

The Mansabdar, or Mansubdar is a Military title used by the Kolis of Maharashtra during the reign of Maratha Empire, Mughal Empire and Deccan Sultanates.[226] the Koli chiefs of Maharashtra held the good position of Sardar and Mansabdar in Bahamani Sultanate and Ahmednagar Sultanate's military.[227] the most prominent Koli Mansabdar in Maratha Empire was Javji Bamble who was Mansabdar of Rajur and was close aide to Tukoji Holkar of Indore State.[228]

Koli Sardar

The Sardar is a title used by the Koli caste of Maharashtra during the reign of Bahamani and Ahmednagar Sultanates conferred by the Sultans of Both sultanates to the Koli fortkeeper or Koli protecters of hilly tracts.[229][230][231][232]

References

  1. ↑ Nath, Y. V. S. (1960). Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community. New Delhi, India, Asia: Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 62: in Pipergota, a ruler is having a Dhanaki concubine for a number of years. But he does not live with her. He accepts no food from her. So his purity is unaffected and be remains a member of the higher society. Quite a few Bhilala land holders have Naika woman their concubines and in Baria, such relations are said to exist between the Koli Thakurs and Bhil women.
  2. ↑ Baroda, Maharaja Sayajirao University of (1960). Sociological Monograph Series. New Delhi, India, Asia. pp. 62: in Pipergota, a ruler is having a Dhanaki concubine for a number of years. But he does not live with her. He accepts no food from her. So his purity is unaffected and be remains a member of the higher society. Quite a few Bhilala land holders have Naika woman their concubines and in Baria, such relations are said to exist between the Koli Thakurs and Bhil women.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ↑ Kumar, Satinder (2000). Encyclopaedia of South-Asian Tribes: The Kinnaura - The Korwa. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications. p. 1557. ISBN 978-81-261-0517-5. The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans, Four of those clans, Merh, Chauhan, Makwana and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely Rathod, Vala, Heera and Solanki are placed below them
  4. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1995). The Scheduled Castes. New Delhi, India, India: Oxford University Press. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-19-563742-7. The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans. Four of those clans, Merh, Chauhan, Makwana and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely Rathod, Vala, Heera and Solanki are placed below them
  5. ↑ Jain, Jyotindra; Gujarat, Shreyas Folk Museum of (1980). Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat. New Delhi: Shreyas Prakashan. p. 6. It has been noted that the famous Koli Dhanmer whose descendants became known as Vala Koli
  6. ↑ The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India. New Delhi, India: Usha Publications. 1985. pp. 428–429.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ↑ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 325 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". web.archive.org. 2016-03-03. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-04-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ↑ Ananta), Rudra (Son of. Rudrakavi's Great Poem of the Dynasty of Rāṣṭrauḍha: Cantos 1-13 and 18-20. New Delhi, India: Brill Archive. p. 10.
  9. ↑ Bruyne, Jenny Leonora de (1968). Great poem of the dynasy of rastraudha. New Delhi, India. p. 10.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ↑ d. 1917, Whitworth, George Clifford (1885). An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India. New Delhi, India: Kegan Paul, Trench. p. 299.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Laade, Raj Bhusan (2004). Ancient Gujarat: a view of Narada (in English). New Delhi, India. pp. 151–152.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ↑ Asian Review. New Delhi, India: East & West. 1887. p. 147.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  13. ↑ Society, Gujarat Research (1991). Gujarāta Saṃśodhana Maṇḍaḷanuṃ Traimāsika: Journal of the Gujarat Research Society. New Delhi, India, Asia. pp. 16:Kolis are Talapdas, Khants, Chumvaliyas, Patanvadiyas, and Thakardas. Clans of Kolis Boraiyas, Dalvadis, Ghediyas, Shiyals and Valakiyas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ↑ Jain, Jyotindra; Gujarat, Shreyas Folk Museum of (1980). Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat. New Delhi, India, Asia: Shreyas Prakashan. pp. 133: Kolis were noted pirates and were known by several names such as Gedia, Valakia, Baria and Talbada.
  15. ↑ General, India Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961. New Delhi, India, Asia: Manager of Publications. pp. 60: in the Gujarat, estates of Katosan, Ghodasar, Sathamba, Ilol, Satlasna, Tajpuri, Ramas and Punadara, etc, belonged to Koli chief. There are five septs among Kolis, viz, (1) Talapada Koli, (2) Chanvaliyu Koli (7) Ghediya Koll, (4) Valankiya Koli and (3) Khant Koli. in the State, Kolis are alas known from.....
  16. ↑ Campbell, James M. (1988). Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat. New Delhi, India, Asia: Vintage Books. pp. 245: Valakiya Kolis who take their name from Kathiawad's Valak village which was ruled by them, were noted pirates of Gujarat.
  17. ↑ Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (2016-05-12). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908959-8.
  18. ↑ Kennedy, Michael (1985). The Criminal Classes in India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Mittal Publications. p. 97.
  19. ↑ Enthoven, Reginald Edward (1990). The Tribes and Castes of Bombay. New Delhi, India, Asia: Asian Educational Services. pp. 93: Bhalia - A subdivision of Kolis in Gujarat. ISBN 978-81-206-0630-2.
  20. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. New Delhi, India, Asia: Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1460. ISBN 978-0-19-563357-3.
  21. ↑ Somanaboina, Simhadri; Ramagoud, Akhileshwari (2021-11-15). The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development. New Delhi, India, Asia: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-46280-7.
  22. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India, Asia: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. pp. 188: Koli population of Baroda State including Bhalia Kolis, 1931. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.
  23. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1995). The Scheduled Castes. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-19-563742-7.
  24. ↑ Registrar, India Office of the (1962). Census of India, 1961. New Delhi, India, Asia: Manager of Publications. p. 6.
  25. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 10–266.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  26. ↑ Roy, Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. New Delhi, India: Cosmo Publications. p. 29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ↑ Ralte, Lalrinawmi; Faria, Stella (2004). Waging Peace, Building a World in which Life Matters: Festschrift to Honour Gabriele Dietrich. New Delhi, India: ISPCK. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-81-7214-798-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 28.16 Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India: Popular Book Depot. p. 12.
  29. ↑ Gāre, Govinda (1976). Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis. New Delhi, India: Shubhada Saraswat. p. 26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  30. ↑ Omvedt, Gail (1976). Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930. New Delhi, India, Asia: Scientific Socialist Education Trust. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-88386-922-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  31. ↑ Verma, Balraj (2006). The Beautiful India - Daman & Diu. New Delhi, India: Reference Press. pp. 10: This prince lost his patrimony in Udaipur during a Muslim conquest and moved to the southern direction and, in the process, defeated the Koli Chief Natort of the Thorat clan of Kolis ), in doing so, he conquered a hilly area at ... ISBN 978-81-8405-022-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  32. ↑ Bhatt, S. C. (2005). Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes). New Delhi, India: Gyan Publishing House. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7835-356-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  33. ↑ Gajrani, S. (2004). History, Religion and Culture of India. New Delhi, India: Isha Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-81-8205-062-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  34. ↑ Lele, Purushottam Shripad (1987). Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and Present. New Delhi, India: Usha P. Lele. p. 4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  35. ↑ History and Administration of Dharampur State (Prant Ramnagar): From 1262 to 1937. New Delhi, India: President, State Council. 1939. p. 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  36. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India: Popular Book Depot. pp. 12: their forts in Prant Surgana, District Nasik, which was till then in the possession of Kolis. Koli Javji Bambale and bringing him under submission and service to the Peshwa along with his Koli - mates Khade, Bhangare and Pichad of Rajur.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Hardiman, David (2007). Histories for the Subordinated. New Delhi, India: Seagull Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-905422-38-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  38. ↑ Rao, Neena Ambre (2008). Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950. New Delhi, India: Foundation Books. p. 166. ISBN 978-81-7596-549-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  39. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. New Delhi, India, Asia: Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1459. ISBN 978-0-19-563357-3.
  40. ↑ Roy, Dr. Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. New Delhi, India, Asia: Cosmo Publications. p. 98.
  41. ↑ Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (2016-05-12). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908959-8.
  42. ↑ Sherring, Matthew A. (1879). Hindu Tribes and Castes: As Represented in Benares ; with Illustrations. Thacker. pp. 307–314.
  43. ↑ Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1974). Hindu Tribes and Castes as Represented in Benares. New Delhi, India: Cosmo Publications. p. 314.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  44. ↑ Bartholomew, John George (1898). Constable's Hand-gazetteer of India. India: A. Constable.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  45. ↑ Burgess, James (1876). Report on the Antiquities of Kâṭhiâwâḍ and Kachh, Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-75. India: India Museum. p. 12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  46. ↑ d. 1917, Whitworth, George Clifford (1885). An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India. India: Kegan Paul, Trench. p. 84.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ↑ General, India (Republic) Office of the Registrar (1967). Census of India, 1961. New Delhi, India, Asia: Manager of Publications. pp. 7: Chunvalia Kolis have 21 principal sub - divisions namely Abasania, Adhgama, Baroga, Basukia, Dabhi, Dhamodia, Dhandhukia, Gohel, Jandaria ...
  48. ↑ Roy, Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. New Delhi, India, Asia: Cosmo Publications. p. 98.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  49. ↑ Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (2016-05-12). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. pp. The following is a list of the Koli Thakordas or lordlings in North Gujarat: the Solankis of Bhankoda, Chaniar, Dekavada, and Kukvav in Chunwal, the Makwanas of Katosan, Jhunjuvara, and Punar, the Rathods of Ghanti and Vaghpur on the banks of the Sabarmati, the 'Dabhis of Ghodasar in the Charotar, the Chauhans of Amliara in the Mahi Kantha, and the Vaghelas of Kankrej.... ISBN 978-0-19-908959-8.
  50. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India, Asia: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 139. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  51. ↑ Perez, Rosa Maria (2004). Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Orient Blackswan. pp. 71: Three Koli Patel clans live in this village are Chauhan, Makwana and Rathod. ISBN 978-81-8028-014-6.
  52. ↑ Kubala, Rameśa (1983). Gābīta Kshatriya Āramārī gharāṇyāñcā itihāsa (in Marathi). New Delhi, India, Asia: Kshatriya Kulāvatãsa Āramārī Marāṭhā Samāja. pp. 240: The Gazetteer states that the Chief of the State is a Makvana Koli.
  53. ↑ Roy, Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. New Delhi, India, Asia: Cosmo Publications. pp. 31: two clans of Kolis are recognised: the Mar and Makwana. These are exogamous clans referred to as 'atak. Each 'atak' is further subdivided into sub clans referred to as 'gram echap, ' in the local dialect. Besides the division of 'sacche Koli' the rest of the 222 'ataks' and those clans name are common to both the.
  54. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India, Asia: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 188. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.
  55. ↑ Gode, Parshuram Krishna (1969). Studies in Indian Cultural History. New Delhi, India, Asia: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute. p. 51.
  56. ↑ Vidyabhusana, Satis Chandra (1996). Buddhadeba, arthāt̲, Gautama Buddhera sampūrṇa jībana carita o upadeśa (in Bengali). New Delhi, India, Asia: Karuṇā Prakāśanī. p. 46.
  57. ↑ Chakrabarti, Jadab Chandra (1895). The Native States of India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Shaw Publications. p. 128.
  58. ↑ Gode 1969, pp. 51.
  59. ↑ Department, India Foreign and Political (1892). A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. New Delhi, India, Asia: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 334.
  60. ↑ The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Usha Publications. 1985. pp. 122–123.
  61. ↑ The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Usha Publications. 1985. pp. 261: Makwana Kolis finally embraced the religion of the Islam. While narrating the rise of the Makwana Kolis it has been stated that Harpal, the son of Keshar Makwana, obtained several villages.
  62. ↑ Assadi, Muzaffar (2023-11-24). Colonial and Post-Colonial Identity Politics in South Asia: Zaat/Caste Among Muslims. New Delhi, India, Asia: Taylor & Francis. pp. Makwana was a caste converted from the Hindu Makwana Koli tribe, Matias were Leva Kanbis converted by a Sufi saint of Pirana, Memons were those converted in the 15th century from the Luhan. and Kacchías caste. Panjnigara, cotton thread starchers, were converted from the Hindu social order bearing the same name. ISBN 978-1-003-80246-4.
  63. ↑ Jhala, Jayasinhji (2018-07-19). Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c. 1090-2016. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-060129-9.
  64. ↑ Gujarat (India) (1977). Gujarat State Gazetteers: Kheda District. New Delhi, India, Asia: Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. pp. 110: Makwana Koli was converted to Islam by Mahmud Begada ( 1459- 1513 A. D. ).
  65. ↑ Gujarat (India) (1974). Gujarat State Gazetteers: Vadodara. New Delhi, India, Asia: Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. pp. 125: Makwana Kolis converted to Islam, and like them, observed a mixed Mahomedan and Hindu religions.
  66. ↑ Tribhuwan, Robin D. (2003). Fairs and Festivals of Indian Tribes. New Delhi, India, Asia: Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-640-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  67. ↑ Tribhuwan 2003, pp. 26.
  68. ↑ Tribhuwan 2003, pp. 27.
  69. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 97 - 100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Sonavane, Bhangare, Ashvale, Shinghade, Mali, Shelar.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  70. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 99 - 100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis of Maharashtra: Kadam, Rongate, Shilkande, Sabale, Joshi, Mane, Kavale, Pore ......{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  71. ↑ Hardiman, David (2007). Histories for the Subordinated. New Delhi, India, Asia: Seagull Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-905422-38-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  72. ↑ Karve, Irawati Karmarkar; Damle, Yashwant Bhaskar (1963). Group Relations in Village Community. New Delhi, India: S.M. Katre. pp. 13: As regards the Kolis, there were in all 17 clans. The names of these Koli clans were as follows : -Asvale, Kudekar, Memane, Lohokare, Langhi, Vadekar, Kede, Jadhav, Satpute, Talape, Lokhande, Supe, Gaware, Kalute, Bhalinge, Bhavari and Yande.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  73. ↑ Rao, Neena Ambre (2008). Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950. New Delhi, India, Asia: Foundation Books. p. 166. ISBN 978-81-7596-549-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  74. ↑ Hangloo, Rattan Lal; Murali, A. (2007). New Themes in Indian History: Art, Politics, Gender, Environment, and Culture. New Delhi, India: Black & White. p. 391. ISBN 978-81-89320-15-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 "This is cursed village of Gujarat, people of only one surname live here". News Track. 2019-09-14. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  76. ↑ "ગુજરાતનું એક શ્રાપિત ગામ, જ્યાં અટક બદલતાની સાથે જ થાય છે આવી હાલત". sandesh.com. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  77. ↑ "ગુજરાતનું એક શાપિત ગામ, 700ની વસ્તી પણ બધાની એક જ અટક!". I am Gujarat (in Gujarati). Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  78. ↑ Gāre, Govinda (1976). Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis. New Delhi, India: Shubhada Saraswat Publications. p. 26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  79. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 98: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Lahure, Kokate, Bhoir, Konkane, Korade, Lote, Pote.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  80. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 97 - 99 - 103: clans of Mahadev Kolis: Bande, Kirave, Ghode, Popere, Shelke, Bambale.
  81. ↑ Hassan, Syed Siraj ul (1989). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services. p. 333. ISBN 978-81-206-0488-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  82. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India: Popular Book Depot. pp. 98 - 99: clans of Mahadev Kolis: Jangale, Kengale, Khade, Gambhire, Kavate, Konkane, Mali.....{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  83. ↑ Krishan, Shri (2005-04-07). Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications India. p. 146. ISBN 978-81-321-0208-3.
  84. ↑ Vidyarthi, Lalita Prasad; Rai, Binay Kumar (1977). The Tribal Culture of India. New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company. p. 163.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  85. ↑ Gāre, Govinda (1976). Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis. New Delhi, India: Shubhada Saraswat. pp. 26: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis Govinda Gāre. to the grant of jahagirs to the three Mahadeo Koli families, Bhangare, Bamble and Bokad and titles of Patil and Deshmukh by Peshwa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  86. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 12: An entry of A.D. 1769-70 in the Diary of Madhav rao I refers to the grant of villages to three Koli families, Bhangare, Bambale and Bokad, as reward. An entry for the year A.D. 1776-77 in Savai Madhavrao's Diary refers to the breaking in of Jiwaji Bambale and bringing him under submission and service to the Peshwa along with prominent kolis Khade, Bhangare and Pichad of Rajur. these families those of Bhangare and Khade worked as daring Subedars, along with Pattikar brothers of Koli caste, in the conquest from the Nizam, in A.D. 1761, of the fort of Trimbak for the Peshwa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  87. ↑ Commissioner, India Census (1933). Census of India, 1931. New Delhi, India: Manager of Publications. pp. 510: Subdivisions of armed Kolis: Khant, Dharala, Maliwad, Damor.......{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  88. ↑ Lal, R. B. (2003). Gujarat. New Delhi, India: Popular Prakashan. pp. 128: Clans of Kolis: Damor, Pagi, Maliwad, Chauhan. ISBN 978-81-7991-104-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  89. ↑ The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India. New Delhi, India: Usha Publications. 1985. p. 819.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  90. ↑ Gujarat (India) (1972). Gujarat State Gazetteers: Panchmahals. New Delhi, India: Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. pp. 130: Maliwads.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  91. ↑ Chanchreek, Kanhaiyalal; Jain, Mahesh Kumar (2008). Kshatriyas in Buddha's Age: Ruling Races in Buddhist India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Shree Publishers & Distributors. pp. 193: They were called at this time Mairs, a clan of Kolees, and Sonung Mair was their leader.... ISBN 978-81-8329-188-0.
  92. ↑ Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (2016-05-12). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908959-8.
  93. ↑ Roy, Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. New Delhi, India, Asia: Cosmo Publications. pp. 31: The 222 ataks (Gotra) of Kolis mentioned in the lineage chart are presumed to have been derived from Kshatriya clan names or from the names of the village from which the Kolis hail. Moreover, these "ataks' do not exhibit any type of heirarchic sub divisions. All of them have equal status below the Mer and Makwana ataks (clans).
  94. ↑ Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Folklore Etc. New Delhi, India, Asia: Times of India. p. 194.
  95. ↑ Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (1997). Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society. New Delhi India, Asia: Concept Publishing Company. p. 199. ISBN 978-81-7022-640-6.
  96. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 99: Clans of Kolis of Maharashtra: Khade, Khokale, Jangale, Mali, Gode, Talpade, Shilakande.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 Ghurye 1957, pp. 12 sfn error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFGhurye1957 (help)
  98. ↑ Robinson, Frederick Bruce (1978). Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry. New Delhi, India: University of Minnesota. pp. 183 - 239 - 266.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  99. ↑ Rao, Neena Ambre (2008). Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950. New Delhi, India: Foundation Books. p. 166. ISBN 978-81-7596-549-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  100. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India: Popular Book Depot. pp. 97: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Bambale, Bharmal, Bhojane, Gengje, Langhi, Tambekar, Umbhare.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  101. ↑ Gāre, Govinda (1976). Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis. New Delhi, India: Shubhada Saraswat. pp. 26: Bamble.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  102. ↑ Robinson, Frederick Bruce (1978). Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry. New Delhi, India: University of Minnesota. p. 256.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  103. ↑ Hardiman, David (2007). Histories for the Subordinated. New Delhi, India: Seagull Books. pp. 109–120. ISBN 978-1-905422-38-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  104. ↑ Roy, Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. Delhi, India: Cosmo Publications. p. 98.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  105. ↑ Perez, Rosa Maria (2004). Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India. New Delhi, India: Orient Blackswan. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-8028-014-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  106. ↑ Doshi, Shambu Lal (1995). Anthropology of Food and Nutrition. Delhi, India: Rawat Publications. p. 67. ISBN 978-81-7033-278-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  107. ↑ Vishwanath, L. S. (2000). Female Infanticide and Social Structure: A Socio-historical Study in Western and Northern India. New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 38. ISBN 978-81-7075-057-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  108. ↑ The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India. New Delhi, India: Usha Publications. 1985. pp. 64–198.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  109. ↑ Singhji, Virbhadra (1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Prakashan. pp. 49: The Khasia Kolis near Mahuva or the Koli - Thakardas of Gujarat are same. ISBN 978-81-7154-546-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  110. ↑ Roy, Dr. Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. New Delhi, India, Asia: Cosmo Publications. pp. 98: Clans of Kolis of Gujarat: Khamani, Khasia, Khambnani, Khomani, Khoraba, Gabu.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  111. ↑ Rajyagor, S. B. (1982). History of Gujarat. New Delhi, India: S. Chand Publications. pp. 378: Bhavnagar State under Vakhtsinhaji had conquered, Talaja from the Nawab of Khambhat and the strongholds of Mahuva, Kundla, Rajula, Gadhada and Botad from Khasia Kolis who were under nominal protection of Nawab of Junagadh.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  112. ↑ The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India. New Delhi, India: Usha Publications. 1985. p. 487.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  113. ↑ Shah, A. M.; Desai, Ishwarlal Pragji (1988). Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat. New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-7075-008-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  114. ↑ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... Printed at the Government Central Press. 1884.
  115. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Book Depot. pp. 100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis of Maharashtra: Patekar, Padhole, Jadhav, Jadhav, Chaudhary, Gabale....{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  116. ↑ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (3 pts.). Government Central Press. 1885.
  117. ↑ Guha, Sumit (2019-11-01). History and Collective Memory in South Asia, 1200–2000. New Delhi, India: University of Washington Press. pp. 93 - 96 - 191. ISBN 978-0-295-74623-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  118. ↑ Guha, Sumit (1999). Environment and ethnicity in India, 1200-1991. Internet Archive. New Delhi, India: New York : Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–119. ISBN 978-0-521-64078-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  119. ↑ Guha, Sumit (1999). Environment and ethnicity in India, 1200-1991 (in English). Internet Archive. New Delhi, India: New York : Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–114. ISBN 978-0-521-64078-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: publisher location (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  120. ↑ Bhatnagar, Rashmi Dube; Dube, Renu; Dube, Reena (2012-02-01). Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History. New Delhi, India, Asia: State University of New York Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-7914-8385-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  121. ↑ Krishan, Shri (2005-04-07). Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5280-307-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  122. ↑ Kohli, Atul (2014-07-14). India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations. New Delhi, India, Asia: Princeton University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-4008-5951-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  123. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 200. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  124. ↑ Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order (2nd ed.). New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. 1989. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-19-562098-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  125. ↑ Patel, Govindlal Dalsukhbhai (1954). The Indian Land Problem and Legislation. New Delhi, India: N. M. Tripathi. p. 78.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  126. ↑ The Palanpur Agency Directory (2nd ed.). Mumbai, Bombay Presidency, British India. 1919. p. 20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  127. ↑ Kamerkar, Mani (1980). British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818-1848. New Delhi, India: Popular Prakashan. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-940500-75-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  128. ↑ Patel, Govindlal Dalsukhbhai (1950). Agrarian Reforms in Bombay: The Legal and Economic Consequences of the Abolition of Land Tenures. New Delhi, India: the Author. p. 50.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  129. ↑ Shah, A. M. (2002). Exploring India's Rural Past: A Gujarat Village in the Early Nineteenth Century. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-565732-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  130. ↑ Shah 2002, pp. 39. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFShah2002 (help)
  131. ↑ Gidwani, Vinay Krishin (1996). Fluid Dynamics: An Essay on Canal Irrigation and the Processses of Agrarian Change in Matar Taluka (Gujarat). India. New Delhi, India: University of California, Berkeley. pp. 165–167.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  132. ↑ Enthoven, Reginald Edward (1990). The Tribes and Castes of Bombay. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services. p. 65. ISBN 978-81-206-0630-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  133. ↑ Yājñika, Acyuta; Sheth, Suchitra (2005). The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books India. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-14-400038-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  134. ↑ "A community called Koli - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  135. ↑ Gopal, Krishna (2003). Fairs and Festivals of India: Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. New Delhi, India: Gyan Publishing House. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-212-0811-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  136. ↑ Desai, Anjali H. (2007). India Guide Gujarat. New Delhi, India: India Guide Publications. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-9789517-0-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  137. ↑ Nath, Y. V. S. (1960). Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community. New Delhi, India: Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 65: presence in these regions, by explaining that they came in the wake of the founders of the present ruling houses of Bariya State and other estates in the area. The latter however claim to be Rajputs today, though the local traditions give them a Koli extraction." Till recently, most of the thakurdari and ankadi rights in these States were held by Bariya Kolis. Some of them even claim kinship with the Rulers of Baria and the Thakurs of Ratanmal.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  138. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 188. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  139. ↑ Shah, A. M.; Desai, Ishwarlal Pragji (1988). Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat. New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 7. ISBN 978-81-7075-008-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  140. ↑ Singhji, Virbhadra (1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. New Delhi, India: Popular Prakashan. p. 39. ISBN 978-81-7154-546-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  141. ↑ Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services. pp. 371–376. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  142. ↑ Clark, Alice Whitcomb (1979). Central Gujarat in the Nineteenth Century: The Integration of an Agrarian System. New Delhi, India: University of Wisconsin--Madison. pp. 354–355.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  143. ↑ Ghosh, Buddhadeb; Kumar, Girish (2003). State Politics and Panchayats in India. New Delhi, India: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 95. ISBN 978-81-7304-487-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  144. ↑ Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (2016-05-12). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908959-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  145. ↑ Department, Great Britain Hydrographic (1987). The West India Pilot. New Delhi, India: J. D. Potter. p. 36.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  146. ↑ A Short Record of Bombay Recruiting During the Great War. New Delhi, India: Printed at the Government Central Press. 1919. p. 17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  147. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. New Delhi, India, Asia: Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1457. ISBN 978-0-19-563357-3.
  148. ↑ Silverberg, James (1962). Peasant Behavior and Its Caste-relevancy: The Kolis of Kasandra. New Delhi, India, Asia: University of Wisconsin. p. 147.
  149. ↑ Chand, Faquir; Sinha, N. K. (1992). People of India: Daman and Diu. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-762-3.
  150. ↑ Singh, Kumar Suresh (1998). People of India: India's communities. New Delhi, India, Asia: Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 1775: They are non-vegetarian and their staple food includes bajra, rice and fish. The Koli have three endogamous divisions based on occupation, namely Macchi Koli, Khedut Koli and Kadia Koli. ISBN 978-0-19-563354-2.
  151. ↑ Gujarat (India) (1970). Gazetteers: Jamnagar District. New Delhi, India, Asia: Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications. p. 264.
  152. ↑ Kumar, Pramod (1992). Polluting Sacred Faith: A Study on Communalism and Violence. New Delhi, India, Asia: Ajanta Publications. p. 158. ISBN 978-81-202-0370-9.
  153. ↑ Bayly, Susan (2001-02-22). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. New Delhi, India, Asia: Cambridge University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6.
  154. ↑ Hardiman, David (1996). Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. pp. XV. ISBN 978-0-19-563956-8.
  155. ↑ Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (2016-05-12). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oxford University Press. pp. In north Gujarat certain Kolis are located and are classed as Palavi Darbars in social usage and Koli Thakors in official records. they were chieftains of one or more villages in the Maratha and British regimes. The Chunvalia Kolis have twenty-one sub-divisions. ISBN 978-0-19-908959-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  156. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India, Asia: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. pp. 139:Kolis enjoying power were called Koli Darbar. Generally the name of a member of this stratum ends with the suffix sang, singh, or sinh (literally, lion) as for instance, Takhesang, Jashvantsingh, and Fulsinh. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  157. ↑ Tambs-Lyche, Harald (1996-12-31). Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India. New Delhi, India, Asia: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 132. ISBN 978-81-7304-176-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  158. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1989). Mobility among Koli kshatriyas. New Delhi, India, Asia: Hindustan Publication Corporation. pp. 184:The Koli Darbars of north Gujarat have begun their own conventions for bringing about social reform, educational uplift, and economic well-being in their own circles. One such meeting was held at Bahucharaji on.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  159. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-0-19-563357-3.
  160. ↑ Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). A Social History of India. New Delhi, India, Asia: APH Publishing. pp. 245: Sivaji was given unstinted support for his military operations by the swordsmen belonging to the Hill Kolis of Mawal who were made later on Marathas by him. The Brahmins did not protest at this upgradation because in spite of their conversion, the Hill Kolis remained as Sudras within the Sudras. ISBN 978-81-7648-170-0.
  161. ↑ Hansen, Thomas Blom (2018-06-05). Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay. New Delhi, India, Asia: Princeton University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-691-18862-1.
  162. ↑ Hansen, Thomas Blom (2005). Violence in Urban India: Identity Politics, 'Mumbai', and the Postcolonial City. New Delhi, India, Asia: Permanent Black. ISBN 978-81-7824-120-3.
  163. ↑ Hardiman, David (2007). Histories for the Subordinated. New Delhi, India: Seagull Books. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-905422-38-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  164. ↑ Krishan, Shri (2005-04-07). Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications India. p. 146. ISBN 978-81-321-0208-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  165. ↑ Hardiman 2007, p. 140. sfn error: multiple targets (5×): CITEREFHardiman2007 (help)
  166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 Hardiman 2007, p. 102. sfn error: multiple targets (5×): CITEREFHardiman2007 (help)
  167. ↑ Hardiman, David; Hardiman, Professor of History David (1996). Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp. Xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-563956-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  168. ↑ Yājñika, Acyuta; Sheth, Suchitra (2005). The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books India. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-14-400038-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  169. ↑ Drew, John (2021-12-06). "The Christmas the Kolis took to cricket". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 Jain, Jyotindra; Gujarat, Shreyas Folk Museum of (1980). Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat. New Delhi, India: Shreyas Prakashan. p. 133.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  171. ↑ Tambs-Lyche, Harald (1996-12-31). Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India. New Delhi, India: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 130: a significant number of Patanvadia Kolis were Dharala in kaira district. ISBN 978-81-7304-176-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  172. ↑ Saṅghavī, Nagīnadāsa Purushottamadāsa (1995). Gujarat: A Political Analysis. New Delhi, India: Centre for Social Studies. pp. 71:Dharala Koli who were of Talapada subcaste of Koli caste - s are the most prosperous group amongst the community and enjoy the highest status within the community because a few of them were petty princes during the British regime . A group of castes ( 25 % ) of Hindus ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  173. ↑ Clark, Alice Whitcomb (1979). Central Gujarat in the Nineteenth Century: The Integration of an Agrarian System. New Delhi, India: University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 72.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  174. ↑ Hardiman, David (1981). Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District, 1917-1934. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-19-561255-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  175. ↑ Chaturvedi 2007, p. 30.
  176. ↑ Clark 1979, p. 138. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFClark1979 (help)
  177. ↑ Lethbridge, Sir Roper (2005). The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire. New Delhi, India: Aakar Books. p. 521. ISBN 978-81-87879-54-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  178. ↑ Waghmare, Abhishek (2018-04-14). "Why Maharashtra farmers walked 170 km and how their strike played out". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  179. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). The Mahadev Kolis. New Delhi, India: Popular Book Depot. p. 103.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  180. ↑ Provinces (India), Central (1910). Akola. New Delhi, India: Printed at the Pioneer Press. pp. 116: Kshatriya Kolis are those who belong to deshmukh, patel, or patwāri families, while the rāja, royal, subdivision includes the Rāja of Jawhār in Bombay Presidency.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  181. ↑ Singh, Kumar Suresh; Bhanu, B. V.; India, Anthropological Survey of (2004). Maharashtra. New Delhi, India, Asia: Popular Prakashan. p. 1884. ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  182. ↑ Punekar, Vinaja B. (1959). The Son Kolis of Bombay. New Delhi, India: Popular Book Depot. p. 301.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  183. ↑ Hardiman, David (2007). Histories for the Subordinated. New Delhi, India: Seagull Books. pp. 132 - 133: A Koli Patil of his own village of Devgaon let him, Bhau Dungar and Khundu Sable hide out in a cattle shed which he kept in the mountains of Baglan, on the border with Khandesh. In September, after the monsoon was over, Raghu ... ISBN 978-1-905422-38-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  184. ↑ Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. New Delhi, India, Asia: Orient Blackswan. p. 158. ISBN 978-81-250-0485-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  185. ↑ Sharma, Kalpana (2000). Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia's Largest Slum. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books India. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-14-100023-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  186. ↑ Robinson, Frederick Bruce (1978). Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry. New Delhi, India: University of Minnesota.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  187. ↑ Sharma 1978, pp. 148.
  188. ↑ Sharma 1978, pp. 149.
  189. ↑ Sharma 1978, pp. 317.
  190. ↑ Khandpekar, Neeta M (September 2018). "India's Maritime History: Sea-faring groups and Maritime Icons". Reasearchgate – via University of Mumbai.
  191. ↑ Bhatt, Himansshu; Nov 23, Melvyn Thomas / TNN /; 2012; Ist, 23:07. "Koli Patels have their say in south Gujarat | Surat News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2021-09-07. {{cite web}}: |last3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  192. ↑ Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal; D'Costa, Wilfred (1994). State and Repressive Culture: A Case Study of Gujarat. New Delhi, India: Popular Prakashan. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-7154-702-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  193. ↑ Baviskar, B. S.; Mathew, George (2009-01-14). Inclusion and Exclusion in Local Governance: Field Studies from Rural India. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications India. pp. 416–17. ISBN 978-81-321-0089-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  194. ↑ Baumgartner, Ruedi; Hogger, Ruedi (2004-08-10). In Search of Sustainable Livelihood Systems: Managing Resources and Change. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5280-266-1.
  195. ↑ Hahlo, Ken (2018-08-10). Communities, Networks and Ethnic Politics. India: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-86435-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  196. ↑ Perez, Rosa Maria (2004). Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India. New Delhi, India: Orient Blackswan. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-8028-014-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  197. ↑ Somanaboina, Simhadri; Ramagoud, Akhileshwari (2021-11-15). The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development. New Delhi, India: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-46280-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  198. ↑ Rao, B. S. S. (1992). Television for Rural Development. New Delhi, India, Asia: Concept Publishing Company. p. 161. ISBN 978-81-7022-377-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  199. ↑ Shah, A. M. (2002). Exploring India's Rural Past: A Gujarat Village in the Early Nineteenth Century. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–91. ISBN 978-0-19-565732-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  200. ↑ Khān, ʻAlī Muḥammad (1965). Mirat-i-Ahmadi: A Persian History of Gujarat. New Delhi, India, Asia: Oriental Institute. p. 831.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  201. ↑ Vanyajāti. New Delhi, India, Asia: Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh. 1989. p. 26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  202. ↑ Shyam, Radhey (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. New Delhi, India, Asia: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 376. ISBN 978-81-208-2651-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  203. ↑ Clark, Alice Whitcomb (1979). Central Gujarat in the Nineteenth Century: The Integration of an Agrarian System. New Delhi, India: University of Wisconsin--Madison. pp. 55: Koli garasias would often " hire a land from the manager of a village, trusting to the timidity of the other villagers, declare that it was O 1, 57 famiiy, bapita, land.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  204. ↑ Bayly, Susan (2001-02-22). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. New Delhi, India: Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  205. ↑ Enthoven, Reginald Edward (1989). Folk Lore Notes: Folklore of Gujurat. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services. p. 5. ISBN 978-81-206-0485-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  206. ↑ Hardiman, David; Hardiman, Professor of History David (1996). Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-563956-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  207. ↑ Shah, A. M. (2012-12-06). The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now. New Delhi, India: Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-136-19770-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  208. ↑ Franco, Fernando; Macwan, Jyotsna; Ramanathan, Suguna (2000). The Silken Swing: The Cultural Universe of Dalit Women. New Delhi, India: Sangam Books Limited. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-85604-41-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  209. ↑ Silverberg, James (1962). Peasant Behavior and Its Caste-relevancy: The Kolis of Kasandra. New Delhi, India: University of Wisconsin. p. 32.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  210. ↑ Roy, Shibani (1983). Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar. New Delhi, India: Cosmo Publications. pp. 151: The Kolis also render their services to the entire village . Only Chuania (Chunvalia) Kolis adopt this traditional occupation of ' Pagi ' or village guard .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  211. ↑ Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 163. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  212. ↑ Shah, A. M. (1998). The Family in India: Critical Essays. New Delhi, India: Orient Blackswan. p. 127. ISBN 978-81-250-1306-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  213. ↑ Chandra, Kavita Kanan (2017-02-24). "The salt farmers of wild ass country". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  214. ↑ "Gujarat Salt Industry Hit By US-China Trade War". Forbes India. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  215. ↑ Schooneveld, Inge van (2018-02-15). "The salt farmers of Little Ran of Kutch". Sinchi Foundation. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  216. ↑ "Education in the Desert: Field Notes from the Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat - Bhavna Harchandani". Doing Sociology. 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  217. ↑ Deepak, Sharanya. "Will election change fate of the Agariyas of Gujarat?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  218. ↑ "Research sweetens deal for saltpan workers - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  219. ↑ "Lok Sabha polls: Post-Rahul Gandhi visit, Congress all set to hand over salt-pan workers to BJP on platter". Counterview. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  220. ↑ Ghosh, G. K.; Ghosh, Shukla (1995). Indian Textiles: Past and Present. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7024-706-7.
  221. ↑ Ghosh, G. K. (1993). Orissa: The Dazzle from Within (art, Craft and Culture of Orissa). New Delhi, India: Ashish Publications. pp. 197: Behera is the hereditary title of Koli headman and the Behera of Koli village can be only Koli. ISBN 978-81-7024-593-3.
  222. ↑ Thurston, Edgar. "Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōli - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  223. ↑ Lethbridge, Roper (2005). The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire. New Delhi, India, Asia: Aakar Books. pp. 501: Shevdivadar, The Rána is a Koli (aboriginal) Chief, ruling over a territory of 1 square mile, with a population of 246, chiefly Hindus. Residence - Shevdivadar, Kathiawar, Bombay. ISBN 978-81-87879-54-1.
  224. ↑ Kale, Rohit Pralhadrao (2018-05-24). Rajwata: Aavishkar Gad Killayacha. New Delhi, India, Asia: FSP Media Publications. pp. Sinhagad was captured from the Koli tribal chieftain, Nag Naik, by Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1328 AD. Shahaji Bhosale, as the commander of Ibrahim Adil Shah I, was entrusted with the control of the Pune region. His son Shivaji, however.
  225. ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: 1000-1526 A.D. New Delhi, India, Asia: Sterling Publishers. pp. 197: Sultan was told that Nag Nayak, Rana of Kondhana (Sinhgad, near Poona ) did not pay tribute of Delhi . ' On his orders, the fortress was besieged by a contingent of the royal army, it was defended gallantly by. ISBN 978-81-207-0573-9.
  226. ↑ Robinson, Frederick Bruce (1978). Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry. New Delhi, India: University of Minnesota. pp. 283: Once in the Rajur jail of Maratha Empire, the prisoner was confined under the guard of Javji Naik Mansabdar's men. Javji Naik Bambale, the Koli Mansabdar of the Naikwari Police, was the son of Devji Naik by his wife.
  227. ↑ Hassan, Syed Siraj ul (1989). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services. p. 332. ISBN 978-81-206-0488-9.
  228. ↑ Yang, Anand A. (1985). Crime and Criminality in British India. Association for Asian Studies. pp. 174: The best example is the career of a Koli named Javji Bamble, who was appointed Mansabdar after playing Nana Fadnavis off against Tukoji Holkar in the 1770s. ISBN 978-0-8165-0951-5.
  229. ↑ Hassan, Syed Siraj ul (1989). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services. pp. 332: The Koli country was then known as Bávan Mávals, or fifty - two valleys, each under a naik . These naiks held a good position, both in the Bahamani and in the Ahmednagar kingdoms, ranking among the nobles called ' Sardars ' and Mansabsar. ISBN 978-81-206-0488-9.
  230. ↑ Behera, Maguni Charan (2019-11-09). Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture. New Delhi, India: Springer Nature. pp. Bahamani Sultans conferred the title of Sardar to the Koli chiefs who held the charge of hilly tracts. ISBN 978-981-329-026-6.
  231. ↑ Heredia, Rudolf C.; Ratnagar, Shereen (2003). Mobile, and Marginalized Peoples: Perspectives from the Past. New Delhi, India: Manohar Publications. pp. 160: Raja Vikramajit, Shahjahan's governor of Gujarat, had to conduct an expedition in 1622 against some Kolis north of Ahmedabad who had ... The Bahmanis conferred the rank of Sardar on Koli chiefs who held charge of hill tracts. ISBN 978-81-7304-497-7.
  232. ↑ Robinson, Frederick Bruce (1978). Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818–1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry. New Delhi, India: University of Minnesota. pp. 158–360: The men to be appointed over these jurisdictions were to be selected from among the existing Koli Sardars (men of influence), whom this official characterized both as having " acquired rank and substance.
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