Rootless cosmopolitan

Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian: безродный космополит, romanized: bezrodnyi kosmopolit) was a Soviet antisemitic slur accusing Jewish intellectuals of "lacking loyalty to the Soviet Union".^[1][2]

The word rootless cosmopolitan was common in Soviet propaganda when the "anti-cosmopolitan campaign" took place between 1948 and 1953.^[1][2]

It is believed to have started off with Joseph Stalin's accusation of several writers having "bourgeois Western influences" in 1946,^[3][4] which peaked in the Doctors' Plot in 1953 when Stalin falsely accused Jewish doctors of planning to poison the Soviet leaders based on a medieval antisemitic trope.^[3][4]

Antisemitic purges and executions were carried out across the USSR and her satellite states.^[3][4] These came at a time of tension between the newly founded State of Israel and the USSR,^[3][4] when Israel began allying with the United States (US).^[5]

The word was created by Russian writer Vissarion Belinsky (1811 ‒ 1848) to refer to those seen by him as lacking Russian national character.^[1][3]

As per historian Cathy S. Gelbin,^[6]

From 1946 onwards [...] Soviet rhetoric increasingly highlighted the goal of a pure Soviet culture freed from Western degeneration [. ...] in the Soviet weekly Literaturnaya Gazeta in 1947, which denounced the claimed expressions of rootless cosmopolitanism as inimical^[7] to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic purges and executions began across the Soviet Union and its satellite countries, when Jews were charged explicitly with harbouring^[8] an international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy.

As per literature professor Margarita Levantovskaya,^[9]

The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [. ...] defined rootless cosmopolitans as citizens who lacked patriotism and disseminated foreign influence [...] including theater critics, Yiddish-speaking poets and doctors. They were accused of disseminating Western European philosophies of aesthetics, pro-American attitudes, Zionism [. ...] emphasizing their [Jewish] status as strangers and outsiders.

The persecution of Jews in the USSR intensified under Leonid Brezhnev's rule when Israel defeated the Soviet-armed Arab League in the 1967 Six-Day War. Antisemitic propaganda in the form of "anti-Zionist" broadcasting appeared, such as the film Secret and Explicit, which demonized Jews as a malign Zionist cabal based on themes from The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.^[10] Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, especially Mikhail Suslov, were radical antisemites.^[11]

Jewish emigration to Israel or the United States (US) was heavily restricted,^[12] often impossible without a special invitation from a relative overseas. Written permission from all close family members was also required, with a low application approval rate.^[13] Systemic racism against Jews was widespread,^[14] which caught little attention from Western academic leftists.^[15]

Boris Kochubievsky, a Ukrainian-Jewish radio engineer, wrote Brezhnev a letter:^[16]

I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish state. That is my right, just as it is the rights of a Ukrainian to live in the Ukraine, the right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right of a Georgian to live in Georgia. I want to live in Israel. That is my dream, that is the goal not only of my life but also of the lives of hundreds of generation that preceded me, of my ancestors who were expelled from their land. I want my children to study in the Hebrew language. I want to read Jewish papers, I want to attend a Jewish theatre. What is wrong with that? What is my crime [...] ?

Shortly after, Kochubievsky was kidnapped by the KGB into a mental asylum.^[16] Almost all Soviet Jews were reportedly affected by the post-1967 wave of antisemitism,^[16] despite common leftist indifference.^[15][16] In 1969, Soviet propagandist Yuri Ivanov condemned Zionism as a "capitalist imperialist" idea:^[17]

Modern Zionism is the ideology [...] of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie which has closely allied itself with monopoly circles in the USA and other imperialist countries [. ...] Zionism is bellicose^[18] chauvinism and anti-communism.

The Soviets denied that their "anti-Zionism" was antisemitic by alleging that many of their "anti-Zionist" officials were Jewish. In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) was also accused of "controlling Western media" and "participating in colonialism" worldwide.^[19]

In his book A History of the Jews in the Modern World, American historian Howard Sachar stated that Soviet "anti-Zionism" was not much different from Nazism:^[20]

In late July 1967, Moscow launched an unprecedented propaganda campaign against Zionism as a 'world threat.' [...] an 'all-powerful international force.' [...] the new propaganda assault soon achieved Nazi-era characteristics. The Soviet public was saturated with racist canards [. ...] Yuri Ivanov's Beware: Zionism, a book essentially replicated^[21] The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, was given nationwide coverage.

The persecution did not fade until the 1980s,^[16] when Brezhnev reportedly changed course in 1981 by indirectly disapproving of antisemitism at a Communist Party meeting.^[22] Despite Brezhnev's reported disapproval of antisemitism, antisemitic propaganda remained widespread in the USSR.^[22]

Sometimes, those antisemitic propaganda promoted the false claim of "active WWII Nazi‒Zionist collaboration".^[23][24] The false claim is still commonly exploited by antisemites on the far right and far left^[23][24] to trivialize the Holocaust and demonize the vast majority of diaspora Jews who support Israel's right to exist.^[25][26]

Pravda, the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ran an "anti-Zionist" front-page article on April 1, 1983,^[27] whose viewpoints are still widely shared by academically influential Western "anti-Zionists":^[15][28]

By its nature, Zionism concentrates ultra-nationalism, chauvinism and racial intolerance, excuse for territorial occupation [...] dirty tactics and perfidy^[29] [...] Absurd^[30] are attempts of Zionist ideologists to present criticizing them [...] as antisemitic [. ...] We call on all Soviet citizens: workers, peasants, representatives of intelligentsia: take active part in exposing Zionism [...] social scientists: activate scientific research to criticize reactionary core of that ideology [...] writers, artists, journalists: fuller expose anti-populace and anti-humane diversionary character of propaganda and politics of Zionism.

It is estimated that about 2,750,000 Soviet Jews left the USSR between May 9, 1945 and December 26, 1991, with most departing after 1989 when exit control was relaxed.^[31]

Carol Apollonio, Professor of the Practice of Slavic and Eurasian Studies at Duke University, and president of the North American Dostoevsky Society, commented on the word:^[32]

Of course, in the context of Russian history the word has a strongly anti-Semitic tinge.

Eliot Borenstein, Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies at New York University, commented on the word:^[32]

My first thought, as a Slavist, was about the "anti-cosmopolitan" campaign under Stalin [whenever someone says "cosmopolitan".]

Walter Laqueur (1921 – 2018), a German-American historian,^[33] summarized his research on Soviet "anti-Zionism":^[34]

In the light of history, the argument that anti-Zionism is different from antisemitism is not very convincing. No one disputes that in the late Stalinist period anti-Zionism was merely a synonym for antisemitism. [...] in the Muslim [...] Arab world, the fine distinctions between Jews and Zionists hardly ever existed.