Battle of Yorktown (1781)

The Battle of Yorktown, also called the Siege of Yorktown, fought from September 28-October 19, 1781.^[1] It is considered the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War.^[1] The Continental Army, led by General George Washington, won a decisive victory against the British Army, led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis.^[1] Cornwallis was forced to surrender after being surrounded by Washington's army.^[1]

The Americans were assisted by the French, led by the Comte de Rochambeau. The battle took place in Yorktown, Virginia, near the York River. After the French fleet defeated a British fleet, Cornwallis was cut off and had to surrender to the French and the Continental Army. Eventually, it led to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, two years later.

British General Lord Charles Cornwallis had fought against the Americans in 1776 and 1777.^[2] He was convinced that the Americans could not defeat the British Army in the field. In 1778 he returned to England to care for his wife who died in February 1779.^[2] A few months later, he returned to America to continue the fight.

While he was gone, there was a change in British strategy. The British had concentrated on defeating and destroying Washington's Continental Army. However, France had now joined the Americans and so it was no longer just a rebellion but a world war.^[2] Earlier, the French had been helping the Americans with loans and war supplies. Howevem France and Spain were now fighting against the British, who had to move troops from North America to defend other places.^[2] The new strategy was to win back the southern colonies and to start with Georgia. The British thought that as many as half of the southern population was loyal. The British would start with Georgia and move northward through the Carolinas to Virginia Colony.^[2]

On his arrival in New York City, Cornwallis was made second-in-command to General Henry Clinton. The generals did not trust each other.^[2] Clinton was convinced that Washington would attack him in New York. He was afraid of sending troops home and having to depend more on the Loyalist militia. Cornwallis was ready to go ahead with what troops he had.^[2] Clinton was suspicious that Cornwallis had returned from England to get a command for himself. In fact, Cornwallis had secured a commission to replace Clinton if Clinton repeated his threats to resign.^[2]

Clinton sent Cornwallis south to recapture Charleston, South Carolina, by following the new plan. Cornwallis soon began acting independently of Clinton, who was safe in New York City.^[2] Cornwallis refused to going to play it safely and advancing by careful steps, as he had been instructed. Cornwallis saw a chance to attack the new Patriot army, led by Major General Horatio Gates, and did so without orders, which nearly wiped out the Americans.^[2]

Cornwallis moved carelessly and left American units, such as the one led by Francis Marion (called the "Swamp Fox"), in his rear.^[2] American General Nathanael Greene noticed that right away. He broke up his command into smaller units in order to plague Cornwallis. Finally the two armies met at the Battle of Guilford Court House, which neither army won.^[2] During that time, Cornwallis had not sent messages to Clinton to tell him where he was. After the battle, Cornwallis moved to the coast of North Carolina to rest his men. Then, again without orders, he decided to march north to Virginia.^[2] Frustrated, Clinton sent Cornwallis a number of contradictory messages. Most of them were worded as suggestions, rather than orders, but he ordered Cornwallis to find a defensible position so that he could be evacuated by the Royal Navy, possibly to Philadelphia.^[2] Cornwallis decided on the community of Yorktown and his men started building defenses there in August 1781 to wait for the Navy.^[2]

In New York, Washington learned that French Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse was sailing north from the West Indies. Rochambeau convinced Washington they could attack and defeat Cornwallis. The two commanders began marching south to meet de Grasse's 27 ships and 3,200 troops.^[2] Clinton learned that and sent a British naval fleet to the Chesapeake Bay to cut them off, but the French and the Americans arrived first. In the Battle of the Chesapeake the French Navy forced the British ships back to New York City.^[2] Clinton warned Cornwallis in early September that he would soon face American and French troops but promised him reinforcements by sea. Clinton had not yet learned of the French naval victory and did not know that he would be unable to rescue Cornwallis by sea.^[2]

By late September, Washington and Rochambeau had surrounded Yorktown. Cornwallis received another message in late September from Clinton that told him that help was on the way. Cornwallis was misled again and thought that he had to hold out for only a few days.^[2]

Just after the clash between the French and the British fleets, a smaller French squadron carrying the French Army's siege artillery slipped into the Chesapeake. The French and the Americans now had bigger guns than the British had behind their earthen fortifications.^[3]

Marching out of Williamsburg, Virginia, the Americans and the French arrived on September 28, 1781 at Yorktown.^[4] They surrounded the earthworks in a semicircle, and the York River completed the circle. Cornwallis made the first move by abandoning his outer works, which had four redoubts. Washington and Rochambeau thought that was a mistake, and they sent troops to occupy the outer earthworks.^[4] The Americans and the French began setting up their siege operations on September 30, first on the east side. By October 9, they were near enough to begin the bombardment. They tormed two of the redoubts on October 14, forcing the British back even further.^[4] By then, it became obvious the British could not hold out much longer.^[4] On October 16, the British attacked two of the redoubts that they had abandoned, and they spiked the guns to prevent them from being used.^[4] At the same time, Cornwallis attempted to slip past the guards to Gloucester (now Gloucester Point), Virginia, across the river but was turned back by a storm.^[4] Finally, with no sign of relief as promised by Clinton, Cornwallis's army of 6,000 soldiers surrendered.^[4]

The casualties were about 500 British, 200 French and 80 Americans.^[4] Captured were 240 artillery pieces, a large supply of small arms and ammunition, and equipment.^[4] Cornwallis did not attend the surrender.^[5] Claiming to be sick, he sent General Charles O'Hara to surrender for him.^[5] O'Hara first tried to surrender to Rochambeau, who directed him to surrender to General Washington.^[5] In turn, Washington directed him to surrender to General Benjamin Lincoln, who accepted O'Hara's sword.^[5]

As the British stacked their guns marching out of the fortress, their band played "The World Turned Upside Down".^[3] When Lord North, the British Prime Minister, received news of the surrender, he cried out, "Oh God, it is all over!"^[3]

The battles of Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781 were two major turning points in the American Revolutionary War.^[6] Both were American victories over the British, but with very different results.^[6] The British defeat at Saratoga prolonged the war, but the one at Yorktown foretold its end.^[6]

Saratoga convinced the French to join the Americans against the British.^[6] Yorktown was a joint victory by the French and the Americans over the British.^[6] Hard fighting continued for France and its allies for two more years, but there was no longer much fighting on the American continent. Finally, the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the war.^[6]

• America's Final Victory - 1781; YouTube
• The Surrender of Yorktown 1781; YouTube