1510

1510 (MDX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1510th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 510th year of the 2nd millennium, the 10th year of the 16th century, and the 1st year of the 1510s decade. As of the start of 1510, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

• January 23 – Henry VIII of England, then 18 years-old, appears incognito in the lists at Richmond, and is applauded for his jousting before he reveals himself.
• Conquest of Pskov by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy.
• Formation of the Holy League to defend the Italian States.
• Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch.
• End of the War of the League of Cambrai (started 1508)
• Start of the War of the Holy League (ended 1513)

• March 30 – Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (died 1566)
• April 2 – Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shogun (died 1550)
• July 22 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (died 1537)
• October 6 – Rowland Taylor, English pastor (executed 1555)
• November 6 – John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)
• Mikael Agricola, Finnish scholar (died 1557)
• Francis Borgia, General of the Jesuits (died 1572)
• Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (died 1547)
• Ferenc Dávid, Hungarian religious reformer (died 1579)
• Andrea Gabrieli, Italian composer and organist (died 1586)
• Claude Goudimel, French composer and music theorist (died 1572)
• Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (died 1577)
• Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar (died 1576)
• Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist (died 1574)
• Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (died 1586)
• Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (died 1551)
• Bernard de Palissy, French potter and writer
• Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (died 1590)
• Guillaume Postel, linguist (died 1581)
• Renee of France, daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany (died 1575)
• Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and writer
• Lawrence Sheriff, Elizabethan gentleman and grocer (died 1567)
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Spanish explorer (died 1554)
• Claudio Veggio, Italian composer
• Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (died 1571)

• February 28 – Juan de la Cosa, Spanish mapmaker and explorer (born c. 1460)
• March 1 – Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer (born c. 1450)
• March 10 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher (born 1445)
• May 17 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (born 1445)
• August 17 – Edmund Dudley, English statesman
• December 14 – Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473)
• December 31 – Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan and wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1472)
• Agueybana, Taino chief
• Ambrogio Calepino, Italian lexicographer (born 1450)
• Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (born 1454)
• Richard Empson, English statesman
• Giorgione, Italian painter (born c. 1477)
• Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer (born 1461)
• Florian Zamoyski, Polish nobleman